Final Flashcards
An organisms biological inheritance
Nature
It’s environmental experiences
Nurture
Use the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the environment
Securely attached babies
Show insecurity by avoiding the caregiver
Insecure avoidant babies
Cling to the caregiver than resist the caregiver by fighting against the closeness
Insecure resistant babies
Show insecurity by being disorganized and disoriented
Insecure and disorganized babies
Parents exhort child to follow directions and respect their work and effort. Allows little verbal exchange. Associated with children social incompetence. Linked to child higher level of aggression
Authoritarian parenting
Encourage children to be independent but still places limits and controls on their actions. Extensive verbal give and take is allowed. Associated with children social competence. Children are more prosocial
Authoritative parenting
Parent is uninvolved in a child’s life. Associated with children social incompetence and lack of self-control. Children externalized problems
Neglectful parenting
Parents are highly involved in their children but place few demands or controls on them. Associated with children social incompetence and lack of self-control. Associated with children not respecting others. Children may be domineering, egocentric, noncompliant, and had difficulties in peer relations
Indulgent parenting
Sensorimotor stage
0–2 years old
Preoperational stage
2–7 years old
Concrete operational stage
7–11 years old
Formal operational stage
11 years old through adulthood
Schemes
Action or mental representation, in Piagets theory, that organize knowledge 
Assimilation
Occurs when using existing schemes to deal with new information or experiences
Accommodation
Occurs when children adjust schemes to fit new information and experiences
Organization
The grouping of isolated behaviors and thoughts into higher order system
According to Eric Erickson, the primary motivation for behavior is
Social in nature
First year of infancy
Trust versus mistrust
1 to 3 years
Autonomy versus shame and doubt
3 to 5 years
Initiative versus guilt
Six years to puberty
Industry versus inferiority
10 to 20 years
Identity versus identity confusion
20s and 30s
Intimacy versus isolation
40s and 50s
Generativity versus stagnation
60s to death
Integrity versus despair
The infant construction understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences with physical actions. Infant progresses from reflexive, instinctual action at birth to the beginning of symbolic thought toward the end of the state
Sensorimotor stage
The child begins to represent the world with words and images. These reflect increased symbolic thinking and go beyond the connection of sensory information and physical actions
Preoperational stage
The child Kanell reason logically about concrete events and classify objects in two different sets
Concrete operational stage
The adolescent reasons in more abstract, idealistic, and logical ways
Formal operational stage
Level 1: preconventional reasoning
Stage 1: driven by fear and punishment
Stage 2: individuals pursue their own interests but let others do the same. What is right involves equal exchange
Level 2: conventional reasoning
Stage 3: Mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity (getting people to like them)
Stage 4: moral judgments based on understanding, social order, law, justice, duty (Maintaining function in society)
Level 3: postconventional
Stage 5: social contract or utility and individual rights (Most good for overall people)
Stage 6: Universal ethical principles (sense of justice)
The individual is overwhelmed by the task of achieving and identity and little to accomplish the task
Diffusion
The individual has a status determined by adults Rutherford personal exploration
Foreclosure
The individual is examining different alternatives because you have to find one that is satisfactory
Moratorium
The individual has explored alternatives and has deliberately chosen a specific identity
Achievement
The reproductive stage when an egg and sperm fuse to create a zygote
Fertilization
A single cell, form through fertilization
Zygote
Germinal period weeks 1–2
After fertilization. So I code traveling down the fallopian tube and implanted in the uterine wall. Center of zygote contains the germ disk.
Embryonic period 2 to 8 weeks after conception
Mass cells is now called an embryo. Three layers of the cell endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm. Amniotic sac, umbilical cord, neural tube
Fetal period week 9-birth
The last about seven months. Average baby weighs 8 pounds and is 20 inches long. 
Teratogen
Any agent that can cause a birth defect or negatively alter cognitive and behavioral development outcomes
APGAR scale
A- appearance
P- pulse
G- grimace
A-activity (muscle tone)
R- respiration
Cephalocaudal
Head to toe development
Proximodistal pattern
Sequence in which growth starts at the center of the body and moves toward the extremities
Rooting reflex
Occurs when the infants cheek a stroke, or the side of the mouth is touched. The infant turns his or her head to find something to suck
Moro reflex
A neonatal startle response that occurs in reaction to a sudden, intense noise or movement. The infant throws the head back, flings out arms and legs, and arches the back, then contracts these movements. Believed to be a way of grabbing for support while falling
Damage to brocas area results in
Difficulty producing words correctly
Damage to wernickes are results in
Poor comprehension and fluent but incomprehensible speech
Damage to either of these areas produces a type of
Aphasia
Naïve understanding of the relationship between mind and behavior
Theory of mind
