Final

Question 1

Often what defines problematic drug use is

Answer 1

Use despite negative effects

Question 2

Drugs act on different ______, _______

Answer 2

receptors, neurotransmitteres

Question 3

There is a ____% heritability for substance use

Answer 3

50

Question 4

Need for more drug to achieve the desired effects / reduced effect of the same amount of drug. leading to greater use

Answer 4

Tolerance

Question 5

Physical and psychological symptoms that appear after non-use

Answer 5

withdrawal

Question 6

When more drug is taken than intended

Answer 6

Loss of control

Question 7

When using the drug becomes the reason for living, when there is increased time spent finding and using drug, low self esteem, etc.

Answer 7

Diminished quality of life

Question 8

When DA is released at the synapse, it is rapidly cleared from the synaptic cleft by the DA transporter

Answer 8

reuptake

Question 9

Cocaine blocks the _______, making DA ______

Answer 9

DAT, remain in the synapse for longer

Question 10

Amphetamine ______ DAT, which causes ____ DA to be released, ______ to be impaired, and _______ to be blocked

Answer 10

reverses, more, uptake, breakdown

Question 11

Opiates impair ______ of DA-producing neurons in the _____, increasing release

Answer 11

inhibition, VTA

Question 12

The idea that addicts take drugs to get rid of withdrawal symptoms

Answer 12

Physical dependence model

Question 13

the idea that addicts take drugs for the pleasurable feelings

Answer 13

Positive reward model

Question 14

______ or lesions of the _____ system abolish self administration for drugs such as ________.

Answer 14

DA antagonists, mesolimbic DA system, psychostimulants

Question 15

Responding for drugs of abuse is associated with increased ______ release in the _____ and other areas, which lasts up to ___ hours, and results in a _____% increase from controls

Answer 15

DA, accumbens, 2, 700

Question 16

pleasurable, hedonic effects of reinforcer

Answer 16

liking

Question 17

Craving, the willingness to work for the reinforcer

Answer 17

wanting

Question 18

Lesions of the DA system increase ______, while amphetamine decreases it

Answer 18

taste reactivity

Question 19

a toxin that selectively destroys DA cells

Answer 19

6-OH-toxin

Question 20

DA lesions cause low responding on ______ _____ schedules, suggesting their involvement in ______ value but not _______

Answer 20

complex reinforcement, incentive, hedonic

Question 21

In a ________ state, drug paired _____ exert a much more powerful influence over behaviour, resulting in increased ______ and _____

Answer 21

hyperdopaminergic, cues, willlingness to work for reward, willingness to work for cues

Question 22

When repeated administration of addictive drugs increases the locomotor response to acute drugs

Answer 22

locomotor sensitization

Question 23

Repeated injections of ______ results in locomotor sensitization, which is associated with increased levels of DA in the _____, increased responding for ______

Answer 23

cocaine, accumbens, conditioned reinforcers

Question 24

the idea that cues associated with drug taking eventually take over behaviour of the person using drugs

Answer 24

incentive sensitization hypothesis

Question 25

According to the incentive sensitization hypothesis, initial drug take is mediated by the _____ effect of the drug,. But as tolerance develops to the _____ effects, the effect of the cues associated with it become _______. The associative learning between the effects of the drug and cues become amplified by the ______ state

Answer 25

pleasurable, hedonic, sensitized, hyperdopaminergic

Question 26

5 aspects of addiction models

Answer 26

1. Self / experimenter administration, 2. schedules of reinforcement, 3. choice between another reinforcer, 4. different environments for different drugs, 5. action needed to obtain drug

Question 27

lifetime prevalence for substance use disorder

Answer 27

15%

Question 28

of those who experiment with addictive drugs, ______% will develop a substance use disorder

Answer 28

17.5-22

Question 29

Involves an injection of a drug or saline in two distinct contexts, and test which environment the rat prefers in the absence of drug

Answer 29

conditioned place preference

Question 30

The time between intake and effect

Answer 30

kinetics

Question 31

Some drugs, such as _____, and _____ are harder to get animals to take

Answer 31

THC, PCP

Question 32

Initial target for prevention (in the cycle of addiction)

Answer 32

Initial drug exposure --> recreational drug taking --> frequent drug use

Question 33

Target for treatment (in cycle of addiction)

Answer 33

frequent drug use --> increasing drug use --> loss of control over drug use --> drug dependency --> attempts to quit using --> withdrawal --> relapse

Question 34

Giving rats extended access to drug results in 4 unique addiction-relevant phenotypes

Answer 34

1. escalation of drug taking, 2. higher rate of drug taking, 3. more frequent drug taking, 4. reduced ability of shock paired cues to suppress drug seeking

Question 35

Short access to drug results in rats

Answer 35

1. not losing control, 2. not self-administering for long periods of time

Question 36

when either a cue, drug primer, or stress is used to induce relapse

Answer 36

reinstatement

Question 37

a drug that induces stress

Answer 37

yohimbine

Question 38

When rats are withdrawn from taking drug, the longer they are withdrawn the stronger the reinstatement (especially with cues)

Answer 38

incubation of craving

Question 39

FR1 schedules are a good estimate of ______ of a set dose (since the drug is basically free), but cannot dissociate between _____ and ____ behaviours, as these are the same response

Answer 39

free consumption, appetitive, consummatory

Question 40

a graph showing how response changes with dose

Answer 40

dose-response curve

Question 41

on a PR schedule, increasing dose _____ responding, while on an FR1 schedule, it _____ responding

Answer 41

increases, decreases

Question 42

The two ways to increase the behavioural price of a drug

Answer 42

1. increase in response requirement, 2. increase in unit dose on FR1

Question 43

the level of cocaine consumption unconstrained by price (0.61 in rats)

Answer 43

Q0

Question 44

The maximum price a rat is willing to pay in terms of responses (140 in rats)

Answer 44

Pmax

Question 45

a dopamine antagonist that increases Q0 and decreases pmax

Answer 45

haloperidol

Question 46

A DA agonist that has no effect on Q0, and increases Pmax

Answer 46

d-amphetamine

Question 47

and SSRI that decreases Q0 and decreases pmax

Answer 47

fluoxetine

Question 48

a GABA receptor agonist that has no effect on Q0 but decreases pmax

Answer 48

baclofen

Question 49

The idea that rats are trying to reach stable brain levels of cocaine under FR1 schedules

Answer 49

titration

Question 50

Levels of ____ are the same for short and long access rats, however, given intermittent access, there are dramatic ______, showing a predisposition for more addiction-like pattern of behaviour. It also gives the greatest _____

Answer 50

brain cocaine, fluctuations, pmax

Question 51

the _____ lever procedure allows rats to titrate the amount of drug per trial

Answer 51

hold down

Question 52

The more time is waited and spent ______ ____ the more cocaine is needed to reach _______, which are varied for the individual

Answer 52

lever pressing, optimal levels

Question 53

Although only long intermittent access made rats _______ intake, there were equivalent levels of _________ and a similar _____ of intake regardless of the length of the intermittent access session (equal number of burst like intake binges). In addition, after a month of abstinence, both groups showed high levels of drug taking

Answer 53

escalate, locomotor sensitization, pattern

Question 54

choice between food or drug

Answer 54

voluntary abstinence

Question 55

when rats are returned to their home cage and not allowed to seek drug

Answer 55

forced abstinence

Question 56

________ _____ is not enough to keep rats from taking drug, as they will still seek it if food is not available. The exception is ______

Answer 56

voluntary abstinence, opiates

Question 57

During the ____ test, the _____ and ______ _____ as marked by _____ are active.

Answer 57

relapse, OFC, anterior insular cortex, c-fos

Question 58

a marker of activity of neurons

Answer 58

c-fos

Question 59

While silencing the _____ can decrease _____ cue-induced drug seeking, it doesn't affect _______ of drug taking. This shows that we can dampen the drive for drug, but not drug taking

Answer 59

OFC, reinstatement, reaquisition

Question 60

For cocaine, ______ does lead to more drug taken, _______ does lead to more drug taken, but ______ does not lead to more drug taken

Answer 60

forced withdrawal, food voluntary abstinence, social voluntary abstinence

Question 61

For heroin, _______ does not lead to more drug taken, but _____ does. ______ does lead to more drug taken but lower

Answer 61

food voluntary abstinence, forced abstinence, social voluntary abstinence

Question 62

the region responsible for goal-directed behaviour

Answer 62

nucleus accumbens

Question 63

the region responsible for habitual behaviour

Answer 63

dorsal striatum

Question 64

Habits assume (6 things)

Answer 64

1. automaticity, 2. speed and efficiency, 3. persistence despite devaluation, 4. limited thought, 5. rigidity, 6. motor program

Question 65

The rats behaviour in the PSAP shows that drug seeking cannot be ______, and also does not switch to being controlled by the _______

Answer 65

habitual, dorsal striatum

Question 66

_____ from drugs results in ______ DA in the _____ ______, perhaps as an adaptive response to excessive DA induced by drugs (reducing ____ DA)

Answer 66

withdrawal, decreased, nucleus accumbens, endogenous

Question 67

When abstinent cocaine users receive ______, there is less _____ in DA release as there should be, even though the drug causes intense ______

Answer 67

methylphenidate, increase, craving

Question 68

When current cocaine users were given _______, there was lower _____ release in response to the drug, which lead to higher _______, and craving

Answer 68

amphetamine, DA, choice to self-administer

Question 69

the theory that normal rewards aren't enough for some people, and therefore are predisposed to more risky things such as drug taking

Answer 69

reward deficiency hypothesis

Question 70

With acute cocaine use there is a net _______ in signalling then a _____ and ____. With chronic cocaine use, there is a net _____ of the D1R _____ receptor activity, explaining ______

Answer 70

spike, decrease, plateau, increase, excitatory

Question 71

____ receptors have low affinity and need burst/____ firing to activate, while _____ receptors have ______ and just need ____ levels. If there is a blunted _____ system, it may results in overall _______ ______ normally, but a quickly boosted ______ system may result in ____ _____

Answer 71

D1, phasic, D2, high affinity, tonic, D2, reward deficiency, D1, incentive sensitization

Question 72

Reduced function of the OFC is seen in people with cocaine use disorder

Answer 72

Hypofrontality

Question 73

hypofrontality is correlated with decreased ______ binding in the ______

Answer 73

D2, ventral striatum

Question 74

substance abusers show poor decision making in ________ that activate the OFC, do not show _______ in anticipation of a risky decision, and show increase in ________

Answer 74

gambling tasks, SCR, impulsivity