FINAL Flashcards

1
Q

The fields integrated in the study of development

A

Biology
Psychology
Anthropology

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2
Q

6 steps of the scientific method

A
  1. Ask a question
  2. Develop a hypothesis
  3. Test the hypothesis
  4. Analyze data
  5. Draw conclusions
  6. Report results
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3
Q

Define and give example of Longitudinal Study

A

Data is collected at different times for same group

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4
Q

Define and give example of Cross-Sequential study

A

Several groups of people of different ages are studied & then followed for several years

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5
Q

Define and give example of Cross-Sectional study

A

Data is collected once on participants with different ages

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6
Q

Explain importance of replication in research

A

Done with different research team
Allowed findings to carry more weight
Promotes ethical behavior from researcher

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7
Q

How do individual differences influence development?

A

Idea that people vary in how sensitive they are to particular experiences

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8
Q

Define SES

A

Socio-Economic Status: a person’s position in society as determined by income, occupation, education, & place of residence

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9
Q

Define Norm

A

Average standard of behavior or accomplishment

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10
Q

Define, detail, and give prominent theorist for Psychoanalytic Theory of Development

A

Freud

Idea that irrational, unconscious drives & forces underlie human behavior

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11
Q

Define, detail, and give prominent theorist for Behavioral Theory of Development

A

John Watson

Behaviorism is a grand theory of human development that studies observable behavior

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12
Q

Define, detail, and give prominent theorist for Psychosocial Theory of Development

A

Erickson

Development of emotions, temperament, and social skills

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13
Q

Define, detail, and give prominent theorist for Universal Theory of Development

A

Seers, Chardin, or Huxley?

Where development is a matter for everyone, everywhere, & comparative experiences & mutual learning in all directions are valued

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14
Q

Define, detail, and give prominent theorist for Socio-Cultural Theory of Development

A

Vyogtsky

Guided by multiface cultural context

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15
Q

Define Social Learning Theory
Identify the researcher associated with

A

Albert Bandura

An extension of behaviorism that emphasized the influence that other people have over a person’s behavior

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16
Q

Examples of Primary Reinforcement

A

Events that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs
- going to work & receiving a paycheck

17
Q

Examples of Secondary Reinforcement

A

Events that acquire qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers (verbal praise, stickers, etc.)

18
Q

Differentiate between Positive & Negative Reinforcement & Punishment

A

Positive Reinforcement - occurs when a response is strengthened bc it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus (always increases behavior)

Negative Reinforcement - occurs when a response is strengthened bc its followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus (putting on sunscreen to avoid sunburn, eating healthy to avoid sickness)

Positive Punishment - adding consequences to unwanted behavior (more chores when child neglects them)
Negative Punishment - remove a pleasant stimulus to decrease behavior (taking away toy if child is bad)

19
Q

Erickson Stages of Development

(Age range, and main goal of each)

A
  1. Trust v. Mistrust (birth - 1)
  2. Autonomy v Shame & Doubt (1-3)
  3. Initiative v. Guilt (3-6)
  4. Industry v. Inferiority (6-11)
  5. Identity v. Role Confusion (adolescence)
20
Q

Gamete

A

Gamete - reproductive cell of an animal or plant

Germinal stage - 2 weeks of prenatal development after conception

21
Q

Embryo

A

Embryo - unborn human offspring in the process of development

Embryonic Stage - 3rd-8th week after conception

22
Q

Zygote

A

Zygote - a diploid cell resulting from the fusion of 2 haploid gametes

60% of zygotes do not grow or implant properly

23
Q

Fetus

A

Fetus - human offspring in the stages of prenatal development

Fetal stage - 9th week after conception - birth

24
Q

Genotype

A

The genetic makeup of an organism

25
Phenotype
The set of observable characteristics or traits of an organism
26
What is APGAR? What constitutes low score and what does it mean?
Quick assessment of newborn’s health 1 & 5 mins after birth 0-3 is low score, means
27
What is percentile rank?
If baby is in 65th percentile rank, it weigh the same or more than 65/100 babies the same age
28
Research regarding newborn sleep
- newborns sleep 15-17 hours a day - 50% of all babies sleep from midnight - 5am at least once during 1st 3 months - full term newborns spend 50% of sleep in REM stage - babies fed cow milk and cereal sleep longer & deeper than breastfed babies
29
Relationship between head circumference and brain growth
The bigger the circumference, the more the brain is growing
30
Pruning
Process by which unused connections in the brain atrophy and die
31
Operation Definition & identify examples
An operational definition describes the actions or operations that will be used to measure a control or a variable