FINAL Flashcards
The fields integrated in the study of development
Biology
Psychology
Anthropology
6 steps of the scientific method
- Ask a question
- Develop a hypothesis
- Test the hypothesis
- Analyze data
- Draw conclusions
- Report results
Define and give example of Longitudinal Study
Data is collected at different times for same group
Define and give example of Cross-Sequential study
Several groups of people of different ages are studied & then followed for several years
Define and give example of Cross-Sectional study
Data is collected once on participants with different ages
Explain importance of replication in research
Done with different research team
Allowed findings to carry more weight
Promotes ethical behavior from researcher
How do individual differences influence development?
Idea that people vary in how sensitive they are to particular experiences
Define SES
Socio-Economic Status: a person’s position in society as determined by income, occupation, education, & place of residence
Define Norm
Average standard of behavior or accomplishment
Define, detail, and give prominent theorist for Psychoanalytic Theory of Development
Freud
Idea that irrational, unconscious drives & forces underlie human behavior
Define, detail, and give prominent theorist for Behavioral Theory of Development
John Watson
Behaviorism is a grand theory of human development that studies observable behavior
Define, detail, and give prominent theorist for Psychosocial Theory of Development
Erickson
Development of emotions, temperament, and social skills
Define, detail, and give prominent theorist for Universal Theory of Development
Seers, Chardin, or Huxley?
Where development is a matter for everyone, everywhere, & comparative experiences & mutual learning in all directions are valued
Define, detail, and give prominent theorist for Socio-Cultural Theory of Development
Vyogtsky
Guided by multiface cultural context
Define Social Learning Theory
Identify the researcher associated with
Albert Bandura
An extension of behaviorism that emphasized the influence that other people have over a person’s behavior
Examples of Primary Reinforcement
Events that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs
- going to work & receiving a paycheck
Examples of Secondary Reinforcement
Events that acquire qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers (verbal praise, stickers, etc.)
Differentiate between Positive & Negative Reinforcement & Punishment
Positive Reinforcement - occurs when a response is strengthened bc it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus (always increases behavior)
Negative Reinforcement - occurs when a response is strengthened bc its followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus (putting on sunscreen to avoid sunburn, eating healthy to avoid sickness)
Positive Punishment - adding consequences to unwanted behavior (more chores when child neglects them)
Negative Punishment - remove a pleasant stimulus to decrease behavior (taking away toy if child is bad)
Erickson Stages of Development
(Age range, and main goal of each)
- Trust v. Mistrust (birth - 1)
- Autonomy v Shame & Doubt (1-3)
- Initiative v. Guilt (3-6)
- Industry v. Inferiority (6-11)
- Identity v. Role Confusion (adolescence)
Gamete
Gamete - reproductive cell of an animal or plant
Germinal stage - 2 weeks of prenatal development after conception
Embryo
Embryo - unborn human offspring in the process of development
Embryonic Stage - 3rd-8th week after conception
Zygote
Zygote - a diploid cell resulting from the fusion of 2 haploid gametes
60% of zygotes do not grow or implant properly
Fetus
Fetus - human offspring in the stages of prenatal development
Fetal stage - 9th week after conception - birth
Genotype
The genetic makeup of an organism
Phenotype
The set of observable characteristics or traits of an organism
What is APGAR?
What constitutes low score and what does it mean?
Quick assessment of newborn’s health 1 & 5 mins after birth
0-3 is low score, means
What is percentile rank?
If baby is in 65th percentile rank, it weigh the same or more than 65/100 babies the same age
Research regarding newborn sleep
- newborns sleep 15-17 hours a day
- 50% of all babies sleep from midnight - 5am at least once during 1st 3 months
- full term newborns spend 50% of sleep in REM stage
- babies fed cow milk and cereal sleep longer & deeper than breastfed babies
Relationship between head circumference and brain growth
The bigger the circumference, the more the brain is growing
Pruning
Process by which unused connections in the brain atrophy and die
Operation Definition & identify examples
An operational definition describes the actions or operations that will be used to measure a control or a variable
