FINAL

Question 1

The fields integrated in the study of development

Answer 1

Biology
Psychology
Anthropology

Question 2

6 steps of the scientific method

Answer 2

1. Ask a question
2. Develop a hypothesis
3. Test the hypothesis
4. Analyze data
5. Draw conclusions
6. Report results

Question 3

Define and give example of Longitudinal Study

Answer 3

Data is collected at different times for same group

Question 4

Define and give example of Cross-Sequential study

Answer 4

Several groups of people of different ages are studied & then followed for several years

Question 5

Define and give example of Cross-Sectional study

Answer 5

Data is collected once on participants with different ages

Question 6

Explain importance of replication in research

Answer 6

Done with different research team
Allowed findings to carry more weight
Promotes ethical behavior from researcher

Question 7

How do individual differences influence development?

Answer 7

Idea that people vary in how sensitive they are to particular experiences

Question 8

Define SES

Answer 8

Socio-Economic Status: a person’s position in society as determined by income, occupation, education, & place of residence

Question 9

Define Norm

Answer 9

Average standard of behavior or accomplishment

Question 10

Define, detail, and give prominent theorist for Psychoanalytic Theory of Development

Answer 10

Freud

Idea that irrational, unconscious drives & forces underlie human behavior

Question 11

Define, detail, and give prominent theorist for Behavioral Theory of Development

Answer 11

John Watson

Behaviorism is a grand theory of human development that studies observable behavior

Question 12

Define, detail, and give prominent theorist for Psychosocial Theory of Development

Answer 12

Erickson

Development of emotions, temperament, and social skills

Question 13

Define, detail, and give prominent theorist for Universal Theory of Development

Answer 13

Seers, Chardin, or Huxley?

Where development is a matter for everyone, everywhere, & comparative experiences & mutual learning in all directions are valued

Question 14

Define, detail, and give prominent theorist for Socio-Cultural Theory of Development

Answer 14

Vyogtsky

Guided by multiface cultural context

Question 15

Define Social Learning Theory
Identify the researcher associated with

Answer 15

Albert Bandura

An extension of behaviorism that emphasized the influence that other people have over a person’s behavior

Question 16

Examples of Primary Reinforcement

Answer 16

Events that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs
- going to work & receiving a paycheck

Question 17

Examples of Secondary Reinforcement

Answer 17

Events that acquire qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers (verbal praise, stickers, etc.)

Question 18

Differentiate between Positive & Negative Reinforcement & Punishment

Answer 18

Positive Reinforcement - occurs when a response is strengthened bc it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus (always increases behavior)

Negative Reinforcement - occurs when a response is strengthened bc its followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus (putting on sunscreen to avoid sunburn, eating healthy to avoid sickness)

Positive Punishment - adding consequences to unwanted behavior (more chores when child neglects them)
Negative Punishment - remove a pleasant stimulus to decrease behavior (taking away toy if child is bad)

Question 19

Erickson Stages of Development

(Age range, and main goal of each)

Answer 19

1. Trust v. Mistrust (birth - 1)
2. Autonomy v Shame & Doubt (1-3)
3. Initiative v. Guilt (3-6)
4. Industry v. Inferiority (6-11)
5. Identity v. Role Confusion (adolescence)

Question 20

Gamete

Answer 20

Gamete - reproductive cell of an animal or plant

Germinal stage - 2 weeks of prenatal development after conception

Question 21

Embryo

Answer 21

Embryo - unborn human offspring in the process of development

Embryonic Stage - 3rd-8th week after conception

Question 22

Zygote

Answer 22

Zygote - a diploid cell resulting from the fusion of 2 haploid gametes

60% of zygotes do not grow or implant properly

Question 23

Fetus

Answer 23

Fetus - human offspring in the stages of prenatal development

Fetal stage - 9th week after conception - birth

Question 24

Genotype

Answer 24

The genetic makeup of an organism

Question 25

Phenotype

Answer 25

The set of observable characteristics or traits of an organism

Question 26

What is APGAR?
What constitutes low score and what does it mean?

Answer 26

Quick assessment of newborn’s health 1 & 5 mins after birth

0-3 is low score, means

Question 27

What is percentile rank?

Answer 27

If baby is in 65th percentile rank, it weigh the same or more than 65/100 babies the same age

Question 28

Research regarding newborn sleep

Answer 28

• newborns sleep 15-17 hours a day
• 50% of all babies sleep from midnight - 5am at least once during 1st 3 months
• full term newborns spend 50% of sleep in REM stage
• babies fed cow milk and cereal sleep longer & deeper than breastfed babies

Question 29

Relationship between head circumference and brain growth

Answer 29

The bigger the circumference, the more the brain is growing

Question 30

Pruning

Answer 30

Process by which unused connections in the brain atrophy and die

Question 31

Operation Definition & identify examples

Answer 31

An operational definition describes the actions or operations that will be used to measure a control or a variable