Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Global Health > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Who definition of health systems

A

a. Sum of organizations, institutions, and resources whose primary purpose is to improve health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

components of health systems

A
  1. Agencies that plan, fund and regulate health care
  2. The money that finances health care
  3. Those who provide preventive health services
  4. Those who provide clinical services
  5. Those who provide specialized inputs into health care,
    such as the education of healthcare professionals and the
    production of drugs and medical devices
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

goals of health systems

A
  1. Good health
  2. Responsive to society expectations
  3. Fairness of financial contribution
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

functions of health systems

A
  1. Provide health services
  2. Generate resources
  3. Financing = pay for health services
  4. Stewardship = govern and regulate health systems, partly government
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

US health system

A

all four, pluralistic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

UK

A

beveridge model

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

germany

A

bismarck model, sickness found

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

canada

A

NHI model, partnership between government and private, like medicare

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Out-of-pocket model

A

fee determined by market

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

levels of care

A

a. Primary
b. Secondary
c. Tertiary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

primary health care

A

a. Essential and socially acceptable
b. Based on evidence and universally available
c. Addresses the needs of the community and is affordable
d. Provides preventive, promotive, curative, and rehabilitative services
e. Linked to health system through referral system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

alma alta

A
  1. First articulated in Declaration of Alma-Ata
  2. Established health as a human right
  3. Primary health care is care that is essential and socially
  4. acceptable, based on evidence and made universally
    available
  5. Set the goal of “health for all” by 2000
  6. Important to identify as different than “primary care” –
    meaning first level care
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

medicare

A

funded by SS tax, for 65+, insurance program

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

medicaid

A

assistance program, serves low-income people of every age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

key health sector issues

A

a. Availability
1. Facilities, staff, supplies
b. Accessibility
2. Geographically and physically accessible
c. Affordability
1. Economically accessible
d. Acceptability
1. Respect for patient
e. Quality
1. Management, maintenance, skills

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

why is being born female more dangerous

A

a. Increased susceptibility to some infections
b. Cervicle, ovarian, breast
c. More susceptible to STI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

why females are more physiologically susceptible to infections

A

a. Women have larger mucosal area  more opened to the outside world
b. Men have larger amount of semen  larger viral load

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

three delays

A

-delay in recognizing complications and seeking care
-delay in transport of mother to hospital
-delay in providing needed emergency obstetric care

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

physiological determinants of women’s health

A
  1. Increased susceptibility to some infections
  2. Cervicle, ovarian, breast
  3. More susceptible to STI
  4. Women have larger mucosal area  more opened to the outside world
  5. Men have larger amount of semen  larger viral load
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

social determinants of women’s health

A
  1. Gender norms and roles
  2. Female abortion or infanticide
  3. Fed less nutritious food
  4. Male dominance  physical and sexual abuse
  5. Cooking with poor ventilation  responsible for disease
  6. Low social status limits access to health care
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

sex-selective abortion

A

a. In a natural setting, there are more females born 100:105
b. Skewed ratio of male to female with sex-selective abortion
1. Chindi
2. India
3. Taiwan
4. Singapore
5. South korea
c. Education and income role
1. Can tell gender earlier  more abortion
2. Doesn’t change attitude, still want son and only 2 kids
3. Wrong incentive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

complications of unsafe abortion

A

a. Highest in middle Africa
b. Leading and preventable cause of maternal deaths and morbidities
c. Lack of access to safe, timely, affordable and respectful abortion care

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

which region has the highest rate of unsafe abortion

A

a. South africa
b. The US is high and not going down
c. Lowest = the netherlands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

leading causes of maternal death globally

A

a. Indirect causes
b. Hemorrhage
c. Hypertensive disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

obstetric fistula

A
  • result of prolonged labor
    a. a hole in the birth canal caused by obstructed labour
    b. social isolation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

FGM/C

A

a. piercing, cutting, removing, or sewing closed all or part of a girl’s or woman’s external genitals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

solutions FGM

A
  1. awareness
  2. signs and symptoms
  3. education
  4. involve men in the convo
  5. funding
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Mexico city policy

A

a. Requires NGOs (foreign) to certify that they will not perform or actively promote abortion as a method of family policy or they will not receive US funding
b. 1980
c. Based on party in office, not research
d. In Jan 2017, Trump wanted all US funding cut for almost all global health program areas

29
Q

TB

A

a. Caused by bacteria
b. 1/3 have TB, a lot are inactive
d. It will only get more expensive; it is cheaper to contain it where it is

30
Q

types of resistance of TB

A
  1. 2 or 3 = multidrug resistant, mdr
  2. Xdrt = resistant to everything we have right now, extended drug resistant TB
31
Q

risk factors of TB

A
  1. Malnutrition
  2. HIV
  3. Damp
32
Q

DOTS for TB

A
  1. Early detection of TB patients via smear microscopy followed by directly observed 6-month treatment
33
Q

China DOTS

A
  1. improved DOT (starting in 1994)
  2. Adequate funding, leadership, a sound technical approach
  3. Local TB clinics, and free diagnosis
  4. From 1991 to 2000, 8 million were evaluated
  5. 3.53 million had smear positive results
  6. Treatment was free
34
Q

HIV/AIDS

A

a. Higher risk with anal
b. Retro-virus
c. Treatment is part of prevention to decrease viral load
d. Circumcision can decrease viral load (Langer Haan cells in mucous area, right were HIV thrives)
e. AIDS = active stage of HIV
f. Colonialism brought about stigma

35
Q

life cycle

A
36
Q

women are at higher risk of HIV because

A

lower SES and cultural status , large mucosal area in vagina, exposed to large viral load in male semen

37
Q

concentrated epidemic

A

when 1 percent or less of population of adults are infected
1. Most at risk population (MARP): sex workers, MSM, injecting drug users, Cambodia

38
Q

generalized epidemic

A

more than 5 percent the adult population is infected.
1. South Africa, Zimbabwe, Botswana, etc

39
Q

regional variation of main routs of transmission of HIV/AIDS

A
40
Q

East Europe and Central Asia

A

injecting drug users
- all others
- sex worker clients
- sex workers
- men who have sex with men

41
Q

Latin America

A
  • all others
  • men who have sex with men
  • injecting drug users
  • sex worker clients
  • sex workers
42
Q

South and southeast asia

A
  • sex worker clients
  • all others
  • injecting drug users
  • sex workers
  • men who have sex with men
43
Q

Malaria

A

a. “bad air”
b. Parasite
c. 2 hosts
d. Vector-born disease
e. ½ world population at risk
f. Parasite population increased because agricultural revolution, trading and new permanent settlers
g. Eliminated in the US, all cases are related to travel
h. Originally used DDT

44
Q

plasomodium falciparum

A

severe, can lead to coma, most common, sub Sahara and Mediterranean

45
Q

plasmodium vivax

A

asia

46
Q

2 hosts of malaria

A

more complex to battle, break one leg, get rid of transition and disease
- mosquito
- human

47
Q

treatment of malaria

A

chloroquine

48
Q

air conditioning

A

close doors and windows, not sleeping outside anymore

49
Q

pregnant women and malaria

A

have to pee more, have to go outside to use the bathroom more

50
Q

most at risk for malaria

A
  1. Kids
  2. Tropical and subtropical regions
  3. Rural areas
51
Q

transmission of malaria

A
  1. 1 type of mosquito
  2. Vector = female anopheles mosquito
  3. Host = human
  4. Only preg female mosquito
  5. Not male
52
Q

prevention of malaria

A
  1. Medications
  2. Mosquito elimination
  3. Prevention of bites
53
Q

treatment of uncomplicated malaria

A

chloroquine

54
Q

treatment of complicated malaria

A

artesunate

55
Q

re-occurrence

A

disease not totally cleared before it comes back

56
Q

relapse

A

re-emergence of blood-stage disease from latent disease

57
Q

re-infection

A

you had the disease, were cleared of it, and now you have it again

58
Q

PEPFAR

A
  • US President’s emergency plan for aids relief
  • initiated by W. Bush
59
Q

Non-communicable diseases

A

cannot be spread by an infectious agent, they
last a long time, and they are often
disabling and lead to death if not
treated appropriately
e. Also referred to as chronic diseases
and degenerative diseases

60
Q

NCDs

A
  • burden is greater than burden of communicable diseases in low, middle, and high-income countries (excluding SSA)
  • burden will continue as countries develop
  • risk factors related to lifestyle
61
Q

CVD

A

disease of the heart or blood vessels. This term encompasses both ischemic heart disease and stroke

62
Q

Cholesterol

A

a fatlike substance that is made by the body and is found naturally in animal-based foods such as meat, fish, poultry, and eggs

63
Q

diabetes

A

an illness caused by poor control by the body of blood sugar

64
Q

hypertension

A

high blood pressure, with a
reading of 140/90 or greater

65
Q

ischemic heart disease

A

a disturbance of
the heart function due to inadequate supply
of oxygen to the heart muscle

66
Q

stroke

A

sudden loss of function of the brain
due to clotting or hemorrhaging

67
Q

cancer

A

a. Unique challenge because there are many
forms and each may have different
characteristics
b. All forms of cancer made up about 16% of all
deaths and 9.2% of DALYs and for all age
groups and both sexes in 2016
c. Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer
death in low- and middle-income countries
and for women globally

68
Q

most important risk factor for type 2 diabetes

A

obesity

Global Health (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions