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Global Health > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of health by WHO

A

a. Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

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2
Q

difference between public health and medicine

A

a. Public health = communities and populations, public service, prevention and health promotion, broad
b. Health = medicine, individual, personal service, disease treatment, emphasis on medical care

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3
Q

Global health definition

A

the goal of improving health for all nations by promoting wellness and eliminating avoidable diseases

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4
Q

health indicators

A

a. Index: consider morbidity, mortality, and disability, calculated by age, gender, and region, and allow for comparison across regions  measure burden of disease

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5
Q

eradication

A

complete removal in world, small pox

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6
Q

elimination

A

still around in some areas but don’t control in some area, polio

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7
Q

prevalence

A

commonness

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8
Q

incidence

A

occurrence, rate, or frequency of something undesirable

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9
Q

endemic

A

in a certain area

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10
Q

pandemic

A

over whole country or world

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11
Q

epidemic

A

an unexpected increase in the number of disease cases in a specific geographical area

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12
Q

life expectancy at birth

A

best is Europe, worst is Africa)

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13
Q

infant mortality

A

best is Europe, worst is Africa

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14
Q

under 5 mortality

A

best Europe, worst Africa

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15
Q

maternal mortality ratio

A

best Europe, worst US

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16
Q

neonatal mortality

A

best Europe, worst Africa

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17
Q

noncommunicable disease

A

highest in H, M, and L countries but not in the lowest countries

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18
Q

communicable diseases

A

comprise infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and measles, while non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are mostly chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, cancers, and diabetes

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19
Q

HALE

A

health-adjusted Life expectancy
-Number of years a person of age can expect to live in good health
-Calculated by weighting (number of years of ill health according to severity) – (overall life expectancy)
-Accounts for morality and disability

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20
Q

DALY

A

disability – adjusted life year
-Sum of years lost due to premature death and years lived by disability
a. Premature = before life expectancy
- Has disability weight for each disease
- Years with DS * DS weight = years lived with DS
- years life lost + years lived with DS = DALYs
- YLD = DS years * DS weight
-Helps with comparison

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21
Q

demographic transition

A

o About fertility and mortality
o Shift from pattern of high fertility and high mortality to low both
o Mortality decreases due to better hygiene and nutria
a. Pop grows with younger share of pop
o Fertility decreases
o Change in women’s role
- Stage 5 = net population declines
o consequences for PH

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22
Q

epidemiologic transition

A

shift in mortality and morbidity patterns from com  noncom
o Shifting from infection (increased death and fertility) to noncom (decreased death and fertility)
o Have both during transition

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23
Q

human development index

A

4 indicators
3 dimensions
1 result = HDI

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24
Q

4 HDI indicators

A

a. Life expectancy at birth
b. Mean years of school
c. Expected years of schooling
d. Gross national income per capita

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25
Q

3 dimensions of HDI

A

a. Health
b. Education
c. Living standards

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26
Q

Multi-dimensional poverty index

A
  • Health
    a. Nutrition
    b. Child mortality
  • Education
    a. Year of schooling
    b. School attendance
  • Living standard
    a. Cooking fuel
    b. Sanitation
    c. Water
    d. Electricity
    e. Floor
    f. Assets
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27
Q

Relationship between ed, productivity, and health

A

o Health and education of parents effects health and education of kids
o Malnutrition and disease affect cog development
o Ed contributes to disease prevention
o Good health increases longevity and life earning
o Healthy workers = more productive
o Costs of health care = high

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28
Q

health inequality

A

diff in health outcomes between diff groups, not why but outcome

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29
Q

health disparities

A

a type of diff in economic disadvantage

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30
Q

health inequity

A

health status or in the distribution of health resources between different population groups

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31
Q

rural vs urban disparity

A

rural is harder

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32
Q

disparities between urban areas

A

o High population density
o Overcrowding
o Lack of safe water and sanitation
o Lack of education
o Poor health care access
o Pneumonia from sleeping in wet areas

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33
Q

definition of slum

A
  • 3 of 5 = slum
    a. Durable housing
    b. Sufficient living space (<= 3 people per room)
    c. Easy access to safe water
    d. Access to adequate sanitation
    e. Security of tenure
  • Usually from squatter settlements (informal)
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34
Q

Universal declaration of human rights

A

a. Governments are obliged to respect, protect, and fulfill the
rights they state
b. Resource-poor countries are required to “take steps” toward
realization of positive rights

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35
Q

right based approach to health

A

a. Assess
- Assess health policies, programs, and practices in terms of
impact on human rights
b. Analyze
- Analyze and address the health impacts resulting from
violations of human rights when considering ways to improve
population health
c. Prioritize
- Prioritize the fulfillment of human rights

36
Q

limits to human right

A

a. Prohibitions on torture, on slavery, and on retroactive criminal laws

37
Q

Patents

A

Intellectual property rights that grant the inventors (
pharmaceutical companies) the right to exclude others from
making, selling , etc. for a period of time

38
Q

TRIPS

A

1994 = Provide incentives for R & D and the use of new technologies, sets minimum standards of protection for copyrights and related rights

39
Q

Nazi experiment

A
40
Q

Tuskegee experiment

A
41
Q

Willobrook

A

study involved a group of children diagnosed with mental retardation, who lived at the Willobrook State Hospital in Staten Island, New York.

42
Q

nuremberg code

A

First document to specify ethical principles that should guide physicians engaged in human research
1. “Voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential”

43
Q

declaration of helsinki

A

1964
 The World Medical Association
 Developed ethical principles to guide physicians conducting
biomedical research on humans
 Principles apply equally to non-physicians

44
Q

US national commission for the protection of human subjects of biomedical and behavioral research

A

 Identified basic ethical principles
 Developed guidelines for research

45
Q

Social value

A

 Scientific validity
 Fair subject selection
 Acceptable risk/benefit ratio
 Informed consent
 Respect for enrolled subjects

46
Q

Belmont report

A

identifies basic ethical principles and guidelines that address ethical issues arising from the conduct of research with human subjects.

47
Q

regional nutritional problem worst in Africa and South Asia

A
  1. Prevalence of underweight u5
  2. Prevalence of wasting, weight for height (not worst)
  3. Prevalence of stunting, height for age
  4. Low birthweight (not worst)
48
Q

vA

A

dryness of eye, can lead to permanent blindness

49
Q

iodine

A

growth on thyroid called goiter and failure to develop full intellectual potential

50
Q

iron

A

anemia, associated with fatigue and weakness, pregnant  increased risk of premature death

51
Q

zinc

A

growth restriction, impaired immune function, skin disorders, hypogonadism, and cog dysfunction

52
Q

folic acid and calcium

A

fa in preg  neural tube defects, ca supplementation prevents hypertensive disorder

53
Q

sodium

A

high sodium  hypertension  stroke and fatal coronary HD

54
Q

added sugar

A

promote weight gain, type 2 diabetes, coronary HD

55
Q

dietary fiber and refined carbs

A

prevent obesity, diabetes, CVD, and various cancers

56
Q

basic causes of nutritional status

A

environment, tech, people, quantity and quality of actual resources

57
Q

underlying causes at household/family level of nutri status

A

insufficient access to food, inadequate maternal and child care, poor water/sanitation and inadequate health services

58
Q

immediate causes of nutri status

A

inadequate dietary intake, disease

59
Q

outcomes of nutri status

A

child malnutri, death, and disability

60
Q

stunting

A

failure to reach linear growth potential because of inadequate nutria or poor health. Height for age

61
Q

wasting

A

dangerously thin, weight for height

62
Q

undernourished

A

refers to those who lack sufficient energy or nutrients

63
Q

window of opportunity

A

need nutri at growing points or you have serious delay

64
Q

NPR article about breastfeeding

A

Less diarrhea, less lower respiratory infection

65
Q

leading causes of neonatal death

A
  • preterm birth
  • intrapartum complications
  • sepsis
  • congenital anomalies
  • other causes
66
Q

post-neonatal causes of death

A
  • other causes
  • pneumonia
  • diarrheal diseases
  • injury
  • malaria
67
Q

Infant and u5 mortality is worse in

A

Africa
south asia

44% of under-5 child deaths occur among neonates

68
Q

Very cost-effective way to combat diarrhea

A

Oral rehydration therapy (ORT)

69
Q

What is essential to a child’s life

A

exclusive breast feeding

70
Q

exclusive breastfeeding

A

mother’s milk has some antibodies that are crucial to the baby’s healthy development (both physically and mentally)

71
Q

Polio near-eradication but still in

A

Afghanistan
Pakistan
Nigeria

72
Q

Perinatal

A

1st week, highest risk of death

73
Q

neonatal

A

first month

74
Q

infant

A

first year

75
Q

under 5

A

0-4, benchmark, immunity increases
 If not specified, probably u-5

76
Q

Key issues related to adolescent

A

Alcohol use
 Unsafe sex
 Lack of contraception
 Iron deficiency
 Illicit drug use
 Unsafe water, sanitation, and hygiene

77
Q

how to address adolescent health issues

A

a.  Requires a life-course perspective to preventing and
treating health issues
 Improve educational and employment opportunities
 Promote universal health coverage to improve access of
adolescents
 Make services more friendly to adolescents

78
Q

reproductive and sexual health

A

 Pre- and post-natal care for adolescent mothers and
newborns
 Improve access to comprehensive contraceptive
information and services
 Provide sexual and reproductive health services without
requiring parental involvement, especially safe abortion
care

79
Q

HIV and other STIs

A

 Promote awareness of risk factors
 HIV testing and counselling
 Voluntary medical male circumcision
 PMTCT
 ART
 Contraceptive services

80
Q

Mental health

A

 Community-based approach to psychosocial support
 Management of emotional, behavioral, developmental
disorders
 Self-harm and suicide prevention

81
Q

nutrition

A

Ensure food security and nutritional support for children
 Iron and folic acid supplementation
 Health education for adolescents, parents, caregivers
 BMI-for-age assessment

82
Q

tobacco and alcohol

A

 Raise tobacco taxes and prohibit tobacco sales to minors
 Encourage total elimination of smoking and tobacco smoke
in public places
 Establish and enforce an appropriate minimum age for
purchase and consumption of alcoholic beverages

83
Q

road injuries

A

Develop and implement policies to
prevent intoxicated driving
Set blood alcohol concentration (BAC)
limits to less than 0.05g/dl for the general
population and less than 0.02 g/dl for
young/novice drivers
Graduated licensing programs for
young/novice drivers

84
Q

social suffering

A

results from what political, economic, and institutional power

85
Q

structural violence

A

o social forces that harm certain groups of people, producing and perpetuating inequality in health and well-being
o What happened to them was out of their control  embedded
o Violent because it causes pain, preventable and treatable
o Goes beyond individual control

86
Q

farmer’s chapter on structural violence

A
  • Deferential vulnerability = you’re susceptibility to disease is different based on what you are exposed to
    a. Colonial forces used it to their advantage
    b. Panama canal
    c. Diseases aren’t new
    d. Are new innovative ways to track disease
    e. Rotation, use the history to prep for the future
    f. Wreckage from the past  more to navigate

Global Health (2 decks)

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