Final

Question 1

What is culture?

Answer 1

An ensemble of social groups, networks, classes, and institutions that link people together. These people share the same geographical or digital territory and are subjected to same political authority and dominant expectations.

Question 2

How do social dimensions impact language use?

Answer 2

People’s way of speaking (linguistic varieties) are linked with social belonging.

Question 3

What is the difference between language and dialect?

Answer 3

Dialect includes mutually intelligible varieties of language. There are no linguistic differences, it is a political definition.

Question 4

What is linguistic ideology?

Answer 4

Ideas people have about language varieties and their values. They map how we understand languages onto people, events, and activities.

Question 5

What are the 3 things that social indexicality allows us to do?

Answer 5

We can locate users in space and time, display cultural and ethnic belonging and social identity, and broadcast political and cultural consciousness.

Question 6

Explain participated framework.

Answer 6

A way of analyzing various interactional roles played by different people in particular place.

Question 7

What is reported speech?

Answer 7

A replica of what’s been said in a prior occasion.

Question 8

Give an example of direct and indirect reported speech.

Answer 8

Direct: “The cop was like, ‘Do you know how fast you were going?’”
Indirect: “The cop asked me if I knew how fast I was going.”

Question 9

According to Mendoza-Denton, how do Latinas signal belonging?

Answer 9

By speaking English or Spanish and code-switching.

Question 10

What is code-switching? What are the 2 kinds?

Answer 10

Code-switching is shifting from one linguistic code to another. The two kinds are interactional (based on the situation) and conversational (in the middle of a sentence).

Question 11

What are the 5 socio-cultural functions of code-switching?

Answer 11

The five functions are indexing particular identity, signaling belonging and solidarity, marking a switch in context, referring to power, and excluding others.

Question 12

What were Mendoza-Denton’s findings?

Answer 12

That her subjects used language to display cultural and ethnic belonging, broadcast political and social consciousness, and broadcast gang membership.

Question 13

What is the cultural significance of “dude”?

Answer 13

It indexes a stance of cool solidarity in a nonchalant manner.

Question 14

What are the 2 concepts “dude” balances?

Answer 14

Male solidarity and heterosexism.

Question 15

What are the 2 forces that shape disciplinary power?

Answer 15

Power and knowledge. Power consists of the dominant class of elites and knowledge means the formation of disciplines.

Question 16

Explain hegemony.

Answer 16

Hegemony describes the socio-cultural processes by which the dominant culture maintains its power through consent. Coercion and force are not needed.

Question 17

What are the 5 ways in which male hegemony is expressed linguistically?

Answer 17

Generic, unmarked masculine pronouns and nouns, stereotypical ideas of professional roles, stigmatized marked feminine usage, the devaluation of a high-pitched voice, and positive vs. negative male roles.

Question 18

Explain language as a tool, index, and value.

Answer 18

Language as a tool coordinates work through directives and commands. Language as an index provides access, cultural capital, and privilege. Language as value sees language as a commodity in which verbal skills and performances lead to socio-economic resources.

Question 19

Explain how call centers operate as communication factories.

Answer 19

Through voice training and scripts. Sweet talk is a sexual commodity constructed through markers of “powerless” discourse dictated by hegemonic male perception. They breed context-producing and driven language through superior or independent vs dominant ideology. They respond to the demands of the linguistic marketplace, based on male-based, capitalist, patriarchal values.

Question 20

What are the main points of language globalization?

Answer 20

It changes our perception of space and time, stretches the local into a global context, helps the “global rich” emerge, turns multi-linguistic abilities into global commodities, and studies communication at the intersection of mobile people and digital technology.

Question 21

What are 2 reasons people migrate?

Answer 21

Economic development increases people’s capabilities by proving new income and skills. Social imagination stokes migrants’ aspirations through technology and global and social media.

Question 22

What is Vertovec’s theory?

Answer 22

Transmigrants develop a triadic geography of belonging. This derives from their home country, current place of residence, and diasporic community.

Question 23

What are the 6 functions of “dude”?

Answer 23

Greeting, agreement, complaint, exclamation, confrontation, and attenuation.