FINAL Flashcards
Hazards that occur during the handling of livestock are usually caused by…
fearful animals
The _____ is a part of an important circuit that is responsible for detection and response to threats or fear
amygdala
Name the zones starting from center (cow)
Flight Zone, Pressure Zone
Blindspot (behind)
The _____ is an imaginary line at the animal’s shoulders/
point of balance
To induce the animal to move forward, the handler must be…
behind the point of balance
To make the animal move backward, the handler must be….
in front of the point of balance
Cattle will move ____when a handler walks past the point of balance in opposite direction of desired movement
forward
Effects of stress on livestock animals
impact on health (metabolism)
depressed reproduction
reduced productivity
Dairy bulls are more aggressive than beef bulls…why?
Difference in rearing methods
Beef bull calves are reared on the mother cow
most dairy bull cav;es are bucket fed
Why should we be ethical in our treatment of animals?
so they do not suffer
in order that we can benefit from them
they have a right to a good life
Strategic breeding
keeping and caring fro animals in order to produce more animals of a particular kind with particular attributes
Is it morally acceptable to produce the intended offspring?
We must balance our demands with the animals’ needs
National Milk Production Record (77,480 pounds of milk = 9,009 gallons of milk,)
Wisconsin Holstein (Ever-Green_View My Gold-ET)
Focus of breeding
production performance like quanititative entities, yield (meat or milk, eggs or fleece) rather than physical appearance
Ethics of Breeding in Livestock (Pigs)
often bred for larger litter size
Drawback; may compromise piglet survival and increase competition
Ethics of Breeding in Livestock (Dairy Cattle)
bred for milking ability
compromise: reduction in fertility
Ethics of Breeding in Livestock (Broiler Chickens)
Featherless are believes to be more resourceful efficient
are we disrespecting these animals and compromising their dignity
Importance of parental care
influences survival of the offspring; dependent on mating system (monogamous vs polygynous vs polyandrous)
Natural selection acts on the variation in the….
number of animals that survive to reproduce and pass on their genes, therefore, parental care is critical
Benefits of parental care
survival of offpsring
passing on genes to the next generation
fitness
Costs of parental care (investment)
1.time and energy
2.resources
3Impacts time spent on (self-maintenance, attraction of additional mates, there is a SACRIFICE int terms of reproductive status)
4. future costs of reduced investment in offspring in later breedings
Parent care decisions are influences by an offspring’s _____(name and define)
reproductive value: potential of an individual to leave surviving descendants in the future
What is reproductive value influenced by?
ecological and social circumstances
How can parents deal with allocating food supply?
appearance
begging behavior
Signal Need hypothesis (define)
offspring have evolved to signal/advertize their needs
1. Louder vocalization
2. Pushing mouth upward/higher than siblings
Signal of Quality Hypothesis (Define)
signs that advertise an offspring’s quality or merit in order to maximize their chance of being fed by their parents
a parent may judge the physiological state of an offspring y its appearance
Signal of Quality Hypothesis (Example)
Red mouth age of nestling lark buntings; brightness affects their parental feeding
Believed to reflect carotenoid levels (greater immunity, healthier nestling)
Offspring signaling and parental response depends on…
environmental quality and predictability
Predictable, high-quality environment (Parent and offspring)
chicks in poor condition beg more
parents respond by preferentially increasing feed to needy chicks
Unpredictable, low quality environment (Parent and offspring)
parents ignore begging of needy chicks
parents rely on cues of structural signals of quality
parents feed the larger, healthier chicks
Burying beetles (example)
beetles bury dead mice or moles as a source of food for their young, females lay their eggs near buried animal
earlier-hatched grubs are fed by parents
later-hatched grubs are ignored by parents
Red Mason bees (example)
red mason bees invest more in their female offspring
provide little feed to cells in which they deposit (unfertilized) male offspring
Reason: female offspring have a higher reproductive value
Local Competition Hypothesis
when related individuals compete for resources or mates then one sex is more costly to produce (if sex is not contributing then less favored)
Local Enhancement Hypothesis
when one sex provides resources or enhances the mating success of its relatives, then that sex is cheaper to produce
Parental bias towards one sex depends on (two things)
- Parental body condition (territory quality and resource availability)
- Variation in how one sex converts parental investment into more offspring
When poor…
more females and more reproductive value
When rich…
more males valued related to polygamy and reproductive value
Mukogodo tribe in Kenya (example)
socially and economically disadvantaged
1. higher females; male ration (100:67)
2. Mothers nurse daughters for a longer period of time
3. Seek medical treatment more their daughters
4. Hold infant daughter more than son
Facultative siblicide hypothesis
resource driven (arise in competition for food and resources
Some species of birds (name one) don’t intervene and eventually what happens to the dominant nestling and sibling?
the great egret
dominant nestling bludgeons its sibling to death or pushes it out of the nest
Ultimately, what do parents do when resources are low?
allow siblicidal behavior
Obligatory Siblicide
regardless of resources
In the Nazca booby (Sula granti) siblicide is…
a standard practice (obligatory)
In the blue-footed booby (Sula nebouxii) siblicide occurs…
less often, later in the nesting period (facultative siblicide)
Facultative siblicide
only if there is a need
Why do boobies practice asynchronous incubation?
the larger (older) sibling is aggressive (more testosterone) and outcompetes its younger sibling
leads to loss of life/resoureces
Parents practice this asynchronous incubation…
as reproductive insurance
Reproductive Insurance Hypothesis
mothers in siblicidal species lay a second egg as insurance against hatching failure
Parents adjust their provisioning behavior based on two factors…
- Nature of predator (whether it targets young or adult animal)
- Annual mortality rate of the breeding adults (i.e. animal’s lifespan)
Parents with low mortality rates prioritize…
their own survival over their offspring’s
Parents with high mortality rates are less concerned…
with their own safety and more concerned about their young
Nest predator parents will
feed less (to avoid discovery by predators); more evidence in North American bird species
Adult predator will
decreased feeding more evidence in the South American bird species
Infanticide and toleration of siblicide: methods to ensure that…
- parents deliver their care only to offspring that have a good chance of reproducing (reproductive value)
- Keep food delivery costs to a minimum
Caecilian amphibians: maternal dermatophagy
eating of the skin
young caecilian amphibians feed on their mother’s edible skin
have evolved special dentation to allow them to feed
mother’s skin (lipid-rich) has also developed in such a way as to facilitate this process
St. Peter’s fish (parental care cost)
mouth brooding fish, having eggs in mouth
Male water bugs provide uniparental care (example)
female glued the eggs to the male Belostomatid’s back; male cares for them until they hatch
