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Animal Behavior > FINAL > Flashcards

FINAL Flashcards

1
Q

Hazards that occur during the handling of livestock are usually caused by…

A

fearful animals

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2
Q

The _____ is a part of an important circuit that is responsible for detection and response to threats or fear

A

amygdala

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3
Q

Name the zones starting from center (cow)

A

Flight Zone, Pressure Zone
Blindspot (behind)

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4
Q

The _____ is an imaginary line at the animal’s shoulders/

A

point of balance

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5
Q

To induce the animal to move forward, the handler must be…

A

behind the point of balance

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6
Q

To make the animal move backward, the handler must be….

A

in front of the point of balance

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7
Q

Cattle will move ____when a handler walks past the point of balance in opposite direction of desired movement

A

forward

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8
Q

Effects of stress on livestock animals

A

impact on health (metabolism)
depressed reproduction
reduced productivity

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9
Q

Dairy bulls are more aggressive than beef bulls…why?

A

Difference in rearing methods
Beef bull calves are reared on the mother cow
most dairy bull cav;es are bucket fed

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10
Q

Why should we be ethical in our treatment of animals?

A

so they do not suffer
in order that we can benefit from them
they have a right to a good life

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11
Q

Strategic breeding

A

keeping and caring fro animals in order to produce more animals of a particular kind with particular attributes

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12
Q

Is it morally acceptable to produce the intended offspring?

A

We must balance our demands with the animals’ needs

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13
Q

National Milk Production Record (77,480 pounds of milk = 9,009 gallons of milk,)

A

Wisconsin Holstein (Ever-Green_View My Gold-ET)

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14
Q

Focus of breeding

A

production performance like quanititative entities, yield (meat or milk, eggs or fleece) rather than physical appearance

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15
Q

Ethics of Breeding in Livestock (Pigs)

A

often bred for larger litter size
Drawback; may compromise piglet survival and increase competition

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16
Q

Ethics of Breeding in Livestock (Dairy Cattle)

A

bred for milking ability
compromise: reduction in fertility

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17
Q

Ethics of Breeding in Livestock (Broiler Chickens)

A

Featherless are believes to be more resourceful efficient
are we disrespecting these animals and compromising their dignity

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18
Q

Importance of parental care

A

influences survival of the offspring; dependent on mating system (monogamous vs polygynous vs polyandrous)

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19
Q

Natural selection acts on the variation in the….

A

number of animals that survive to reproduce and pass on their genes, therefore, parental care is critical

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20
Q

Benefits of parental care

A

survival of offpsring
passing on genes to the next generation
fitness

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21
Q

Costs of parental care (investment)

A

1.time and energy
2.resources
3Impacts time spent on (self-maintenance, attraction of additional mates, there is a SACRIFICE int terms of reproductive status)
4. future costs of reduced investment in offspring in later breedings

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22
Q

Parent care decisions are influences by an offspring’s _____(name and define)

A

reproductive value: potential of an individual to leave surviving descendants in the future

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23
Q

What is reproductive value influenced by?

A

ecological and social circumstances

24
Q

How can parents deal with allocating food supply?

A

appearance
begging behavior

25
Q

Signal Need hypothesis (define)

A

offspring have evolved to signal/advertize their needs
1. Louder vocalization
2. Pushing mouth upward/higher than siblings

26
Q

Signal of Quality Hypothesis (Define)

A

signs that advertise an offspring’s quality or merit in order to maximize their chance of being fed by their parents
a parent may judge the physiological state of an offspring y its appearance

27
Q

Signal of Quality Hypothesis (Example)

A

Red mouth age of nestling lark buntings; brightness affects their parental feeding
Believed to reflect carotenoid levels (greater immunity, healthier nestling)

28
Q

Offspring signaling and parental response depends on…

A

environmental quality and predictability

29
Q

Predictable, high-quality environment (Parent and offspring)

A

chicks in poor condition beg more
parents respond by preferentially increasing feed to needy chicks

30
Q

Unpredictable, low quality environment (Parent and offspring)

A

parents ignore begging of needy chicks
parents rely on cues of structural signals of quality
parents feed the larger, healthier chicks

31
Q

Burying beetles (example)

A

beetles bury dead mice or moles as a source of food for their young, females lay their eggs near buried animal
earlier-hatched grubs are fed by parents
later-hatched grubs are ignored by parents

32
Q

Red Mason bees (example)

A

red mason bees invest more in their female offspring
provide little feed to cells in which they deposit (unfertilized) male offspring
Reason: female offspring have a higher reproductive value

33
Q

Local Competition Hypothesis

A

when related individuals compete for resources or mates then one sex is more costly to produce (if sex is not contributing then less favored)

34
Q

Local Enhancement Hypothesis

A

when one sex provides resources or enhances the mating success of its relatives, then that sex is cheaper to produce

35
Q

Parental bias towards one sex depends on (two things)

A
  1. Parental body condition (territory quality and resource availability)
  2. Variation in how one sex converts parental investment into more offspring
36
Q

When poor…

A

more females and more reproductive value

37
Q

When rich…

A

more males valued related to polygamy and reproductive value

38
Q

Mukogodo tribe in Kenya (example)

A

socially and economically disadvantaged
1. higher females; male ration (100:67)
2. Mothers nurse daughters for a longer period of time
3. Seek medical treatment more their daughters
4. Hold infant daughter more than son

39
Q

Facultative siblicide hypothesis

A

resource driven (arise in competition for food and resources

40
Q

Some species of birds (name one) don’t intervene and eventually what happens to the dominant nestling and sibling?

A

the great egret
dominant nestling bludgeons its sibling to death or pushes it out of the nest

41
Q

Ultimately, what do parents do when resources are low?

A

allow siblicidal behavior

42
Q

Obligatory Siblicide

A

regardless of resources

43
Q

In the Nazca booby (Sula granti) siblicide is…

A

a standard practice (obligatory)

44
Q

In the blue-footed booby (Sula nebouxii) siblicide occurs…

A

less often, later in the nesting period (facultative siblicide)

45
Q

Facultative siblicide

A

only if there is a need

46
Q

Why do boobies practice asynchronous incubation?

A

the larger (older) sibling is aggressive (more testosterone) and outcompetes its younger sibling
leads to loss of life/resoureces

47
Q

Parents practice this asynchronous incubation…

A

as reproductive insurance

48
Q

Reproductive Insurance Hypothesis

A

mothers in siblicidal species lay a second egg as insurance against hatching failure

49
Q

Parents adjust their provisioning behavior based on two factors…

A
  1. Nature of predator (whether it targets young or adult animal)
  2. Annual mortality rate of the breeding adults (i.e. animal’s lifespan)
50
Q

Parents with low mortality rates prioritize…

A

their own survival over their offspring’s

51
Q

Parents with high mortality rates are less concerned…

A

with their own safety and more concerned about their young

52
Q

Nest predator parents will

A

feed less (to avoid discovery by predators); more evidence in North American bird species

53
Q

Adult predator will

A

decreased feeding more evidence in the South American bird species

54
Q

Infanticide and toleration of siblicide: methods to ensure that…

A
  1. parents deliver their care only to offspring that have a good chance of reproducing (reproductive value)
  2. Keep food delivery costs to a minimum
55
Q

Caecilian amphibians: maternal dermatophagy

A

eating of the skin
young caecilian amphibians feed on their mother’s edible skin
have evolved special dentation to allow them to feed
mother’s skin (lipid-rich) has also developed in such a way as to facilitate this process

56
Q

St. Peter’s fish (parental care cost)

A

mouth brooding fish, having eggs in mouth

57
Q

Male water bugs provide uniparental care (example)

A

female glued the eggs to the male Belostomatid’s back; male cares for them until they hatch

Animal Behavior (2 decks)

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