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Animal Behavior > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Instinct

A

Innate response, a behavior fully functional the first time it’s performed

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2
Q

Explain how the instinct theory explains fixed action behavior

A

Simple stimulus, sensory signals, innate releasing mechanism in nervous system, motor commands control a fixed action pattern

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3
Q

Fixed Action Pattern

A

Adaptive reaction to stimulus

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4
Q

Describe how animals exploit fixed action behaviors in other animals

A

Mouth markings within nestlings in estrildid finch allow different host parents to feed them.

Humans have exploited the earthworm’s escape behavior in order to collect them for fishing purposes (worm grunters)

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5
Q

Flyings moths: How is the message relayed to the brain/control center?

A

Receptors in ears relay info to Inter neurons in the thoracic ganglia

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6
Q

Flyings moths: How do neurons communicate with one another?

A

Two neurons (A1 and A2) move in response to sound pressure waves. At the synapse a chemical messenger is released to stimulate the next neuron.

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7
Q

Flying moths: What is the action of motor neurons?

A

Control wing muscles (wing flapping)

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8
Q

Flying Moths: When the bat is to one side of moth?

A

A1 receptor on side closer to the predator fires sooner

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9
Q

Flying Moths: When the bat is above the moth?

A

Activity in the A1 receptors fluctuates in synchrony with the moth’s wingbeats

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10
Q

Flying Moths: When the bat is directly behind the moth?

A

Both A1 receptors fire at the same rate/time

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11
Q

Flying Moths: Rate of firing (A1 receptors) is proportional to…

A

loudness of the sound

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12
Q

Discuss the advantages of sexual cannibalism on the praying mantis

A

More eggs are laid by females that eat their mates
Amino acids originating from male directly go to support his offspring

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13
Q

Discuss the Command Center Hypothesis

A

Nervous systems are organized to avoid maladaptive conflicts between competing stimuli via command centers in the brain

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14
Q

Command Center Hypothesis EXAMPLE

A

Noctuid moth can detect sex pheromones produced by females of its own species
On the way, he encounters a hunting bat, hearing ultrasonic pulses, he immediately aborts his efforts to pursue a mate

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15
Q

Stimulus Filtering and benefit

A

the ability of neurons and neural circuits to ignore some info in order to focus on biologically relevant elements within the diverse stimuli
Benefit: able to conserve energy

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16
Q

Stimulus Filtering EXAMPLE

A

Noctuid moths only detect ultrasound, ignoring sounds of low frequency, and do not distinguish between the two

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17
Q

Cortical Sensory Maps

A

brains evolved in response to selection pressure associated with the particular physical and social environment

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18
Q

Cortical Sensory Map EXAMPLE

A

Naked mole rats
Cortex dominated by teeth
Rely on touch to go through tunnels

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19
Q

Imprinting

A

developing the ability to learn
dependent on specialized brain features
Interaction between genes and environment

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20
Q

Konrad Lorenz and his Graylag Goslings developed what later in life? (Imprinting)

A

Adult males displayed a sexual preference for humans

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21
Q

Learning requires both…

A

genes and environment

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22
Q

How is learning crucial for survival in behavior?

A

Learning adaptive behaviors will increase fitness and survival. It is hard to progress without learning

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23
Q

Who had better pairing success with own species after being cross-fostered? Great tit or Blue tit

A

Blue tit

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24
Q

Learning and Memory: Hippocampus Hint: Black-capped chickadees

A

Black-capped Chickadees can remember where they stored food
Larger hippocampus means they can remember where there food is much better
Neurogenesis increases during caching season

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25
Q

Meadow voles are poly or mono and what kind of a home range?

A

polygynous and have a larger home range than females

26
Q

Prairie voles are poly or mono and what kind of a home range?

A

monogamous, and male and female home ranges are similar

27
Q

What is a circadian rhythm?

A

behavior cycles over a 24-hour period

28
Q

Endogenous Clock

A

a timing mechanism with a built-in schedule act independently of any cues from the animal’s surroundings to control how animals change priorities over time

29
Q

Environmental Stimulus

A

animals use feedback info from the surrounding environment to change priorities over time

30
Q

Free-running cycle

A

refers to the circadian rhythm assumed by an individual when their sleep is not guided by external cues. In other words, it is the cycle of sleeping and waking that a person’s body naturally adopts when there are no external time cues such as light or waking-sleeping activities present.

31
Q

Cyclical pattern of crocket calling is caused in part by an…

A

environment-independent internal circadian rhythm

32
Q

Entrained

A

behavior match to environemnt
Crickets adult calling behavior to amount of light

33
Q

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN) is the what and what does it do?

A

master clock (biological clock)
Acts as a pacemaker, regulating other mechanisms that control circadian rhythms

34
Q

What are the elements of SCN? What goes on starting with sunlight?

A

Sunlight/other environmental cues
Sensory Receptors
Pacemaker
Locomotry patterns, feeding behaviors, hormone release patterns

35
Q

Cues that entrain cycles of behavior

A

seasonal temps
rain, environmental factors
changes in daylength
lunar cycles (African lions)
social conditions and changing priorities

36
Q

What are hormones?

A

chemical messengers
circulate the bloodstream
secreted by endocrine cells and target other cells
bind to receptors
brins about a change

37
Q

Steroid hormones

A

derived from cholesterol
usually active intracellular receptors
slower mechanism of action
stimulate transcription of specific DNA

38
Q

Steroid hormone EXAMPLE

A

testosterone

39
Q

Protein hormones

A

comprised of amino acids
activate intramembrane receptors
relatively faster response
turn proteins on or off

40
Q

Protein hormone EXAMPLE

A

vasopressin

41
Q

Neural Control (Nervous system) vs. Endocrine Control (Endocrine system)

A

NC
rapid response (electrical impulses)
Effects are short-lasting
EC
slower response (via messengers i.e. hormones)
effects are long-lasting

42
Q

What does oxytocin do? (prairie voles)

A

Enhances pair-bonding behaviors in female prairie voles

43
Q

What does vasopressin do? (prairie voles)

A

Enhances pair-bonding in male prairie voles

44
Q

Oxytocin within humans?

A

increased trust
increased empathy

45
Q

Male Mice (transition from killer to caregiver); Males that experienced fast days are what likely to kill infants

A

Less likely

46
Q

Male Mice (transition from killer to caregiver); Males that experienced short days are what likely to kill infants

A

More likely

47
Q

What controls infanticidal behavior in mice? Hint; the study that was done in lecture slides

A

total number of light-dark cycles

48
Q

Which hormones might be responsible for aggression in the male mouse?

A

Progeresterone and testosterone

49
Q

Activational effect

A

immediate, temporary effect of a hormone on behavior

50
Q

Organization effect

A

permanent effect on the nervous system during development leading to permanent changes in physiology and behavior

51
Q

What does progesterone do in male mice?

A

Cause infanticide and suppresses maternal behavior

52
Q

Progesterone is significantly lower in male mice who have…

A

fathered at least one litter

53
Q

Lessons form the Japanese Quail; Estrogen is…

A

responsible for sexual motivation

54
Q

Aromatase

A

enzyme that converts testosterone to estrogen

55
Q

Survival costs of testosterone

A

aggression
lower rate of feeding nestlings

56
Q

What are 2 things hormones cause?

A

behavior changes
change in response to different behaviors

57
Q

What kind of relationship is there between hormones and behavior?

A

bidirectional

58
Q

Hormones are affected by

A

food availability
weather
presence of predators

59
Q

What responds to stress? (Hint: axis and coids)

A

Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis
Glucocorticoids

60
Q

Stress can be two things…

A

acute
chronic

61
Q

What do glucocorticoids do and when are they produced?

A

helps animals deal with stress
produced in response to stress

62
Q

In meerkats, there is a single dominant female and multiple reproductively subordinate females that do what?

A

raise dominant’s offspring
elevated glucocortoids
reproduction suppressed by dominant female

Animal Behavior (2 decks)

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