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final Flashcards

1
Q

what is the water quality for carp and trout?

A

carp: 15-30oC
truth 2-18C

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2
Q

ammonia

A

acute poisoning: 0.8-2 = neurological signs

chronic poisoning: 0.2 = poor growth, severe gill damage

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3
Q

which fish is very sensitive to hypoxia

A

pikeperch

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4
Q

why can hypoxia occur?

A

summer: increase of algae,
winter: ince - cessation of photosynthesis
due to transportation: increase in swimming activity
cage: temperature/water inversion

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5
Q

clinical signs of hypoxia

A

lighter in colour
death with opercula flared and mouth agape

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6
Q

treatment + prevention for hypoxia

A

increase aeration, reduce feeding, reduce fish density, prevention of algal bloom

prevention:

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7
Q

fins

A

folds of skin supoprted by bony rays

paired fins: pectoral and pelvic
unpaired: dorsal, caudal, anal and adipose
- adipose fin = “sensory” organ

types: spiny (one bone), soft (small segments)

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8
Q

layers of skin

A

epidermis - upper mayer - mucous cells + not keratinised

dermis - lower layer - scale
1. stratum spongiosum - loose CT, capillaries and pigement cells
2. stratum compactum -dense CT
- scales inside dermis

= siluridae = lack scales completely
= reduced in eels

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9
Q

scales

A

placoid (sharks and rays)
ganoid (sturgeon)
cosmic (ancient fish)
elasmoid (teleosts) cycloid (without small projection, Salmond, carp) and ctenoid (pikeperch)

  • calcified, flexible plates
  • siluridae lack scale
  • reduced in eel
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10
Q

pigment cells/ chromatophores

A

melanophores (dark pigment, melanin)
erythropores (red)
xanthopores (yellow)
iridophores

colour changes: physiological and morphological

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11
Q

types of muscle

A

cardiac
smooth
skeletal: head, trunk, tail and fin
axial: organised in muscle blocked/myomere, which are further separated by myosepta

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12
Q

gills

A

gill lamellae, gill arches
opercular cavity = operculum (bracnhiostegal membrane), gill arches (rakers)

4 pairs of gill arches

on each Gill arch:
- outer surface = 2 rows of gill filaments (primary lamellae)
- on inner surface = gill rakers

primary lamellae = supported by cartlage
secondary = gaseous exchange

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13
Q

heart

A

sinus venosus
atrium
ventricle
conus arteriosus
bulbs arteriosus

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14
Q

oral cavity

A

up to last pair of gill arches

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15
Q

who lacks a stomach

A

cyprinidae

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16
Q

liver

A

compact organ or split into lobes that interdigitate with intestine
- in carp = hepatopancreas
- hepatocytes = polygonal cells, containing central spherical nucleus, containing different amounts of lipid + glycogen

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17
Q

pancreas

A

surface of intestine (between pyloric caeca), in liver (hepatopancreas) or spleen

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18
Q

kidneys

A

retroperitoneally
two, mostly fused organs
cranial (head) and posterior kidney
hematopoetic and excretory role
osmoregulation

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19
Q

swim bladder

A

hydrostatic organ that can be filled or emptied to regulate buoyancy
physostomes
physicists (closed)

  • absent in many bottom living species nad some fast swimming
  • carp = 2 chambers separaed by diaphragm
    1. tunica interna (transparent) - epithelial layer; overlying muscularis mucosa and submucosa of loose CT
    2. tunica externa - fibrous layer’ with muscle and elastic CT
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20
Q

reproductive system

A

serranidae, sparidae = hermaphroditis
external fertilisation

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21
Q

gynogenesis

A

development from an ovum stimulated to divide by penetration from a sperm which doesn’t contribute genes

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22
Q

copulation

A

resulting in either discharge of fertilised eggs or viviparous release of young fish

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23
Q

sexual maturation

A

warm water: 3-5years
cold: 2-4 years
spawning period each year
exception: eel, salmon

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24
Q

which are predatory fish?

A

European catfish, pikeperch and pike

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25
Q

natural spawning of (common) carp

A
  • sexual maturation (F 3-5yr, M 4-6 yr)
  • spawns: may- June (17-20C)
  • eggs: sticky
  • spawning: once per year
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26
Q

when you catch the brood stock, you do the sex determination

A
  • male are elongated
  • females are more rounded in shape, big and soft stomach
  • caudal urogenital papilla - female = red, males = see a bit of milk
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27
Q

conditioning and hormone treatment

A
  • salt bath
  • anaesthetisation (MS 222, benzocaine)
  • weight
  • tag
  • hormone application (CPE, GnRH)
    = female is 2 injection, 1st dose is 10% of total dose 24hrs after, inject 2nd dose is 90% total dose
    = male - 1 dose, injected at same time as 2nd dose for females
    = lateral musculature, long and short
  • females - stitching of genital papillae - otherwise after second dose, female might release the eggs
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28
Q

carp: stripping and fertilisation

A
  • harvesting eggs and milt (dry method)
    = when harvest milk, put in fridge for 5 days
    = 1 female and milk of 2 males
  • fertilisation solution (urea, NaCl) mix it all gently (1h, otherwise will stick together)
  • stickiness removal (tannin solution, tannin removes embryo if left in too long)
  • sperm = motile in contact with water 2-3 minutes
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29
Q

egg incubating and larvae rearing

A
  • zuger/McDonald jars
  • 3-3.5 days at 23oC after hatched -> transported to larvae containers
  • larvae hatching lasts 3-4 days at 23oC (no feeding)
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30
Q

larvae transportation and stocking

A
  • transportation in PVC bags pressurised with oxygen
  • temperature adaption
  • 0.5-2ha ponds
  • leave 1 month - mortality can go up to 70%
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31
Q

nurses pond prep

A
  • everything needs to be completely dry
  • disc ploughing
  • liming (500-1500kg/ha)
  • fertilisiing
  • water intake - plankton sieve
  • insecticide treatment
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32
Q

larvae/early fry feeding

A
  • starter feed
  • hard “dough” - fish meal, poultry meal, soybean meal…
  • min 45% raw protein
  • feed 2x day
  • survival rate 20-40%
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33
Q

advanced fry harvesting

A
  • 4 - 6 weeks post stocking
  • 2-5g fry
  • restocking in 5-20ha pond
  • 25000-40000 fry/ha
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34
Q

advanced fry feeding

A
  • extruded pellets
  • size: 2mm
  • min 40% raw protein
  • ground cereals
  • feeding: once per day
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35
Q

one- Summer fry (c1) (1m- 1yr)

A
  • overwintering in some ponds or autumn harvesting and stocking in overwintering ponds
  • survival rate: 50%
  • size 30-80g
  • biomass 800-900kg/ha
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36
Q

feeding

A
  • extruded pellets
  • size: 4-6mm
  • min 30% raw protein
  • cereal grain
  • feeding: once per day
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37
Q

pelagic

A

liver and feed away from the bottom in open water
- coastal (herring, sardine)
- oceanic (tuna)

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38
Q

demersal

A

bottom feeders
- benthic (flatfish) or benthopelagic (most species)

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39
Q

viral disease of warm water fish

A
  • spring viraemia of carp
  • carp pox
  • koi herpes virus disease
  • koi sleepy disease
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40
Q

carp pox (cause, signs, mortality, effects)

A
  • cyprinid herpesvirus 1
  • common carp
  • benign, hyperplastic, papillomatous growths in skin
  • mortality can be high in juvenilles
  • diseases outbreak 15C
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41
Q

culture conditions for salmons

A
  • pH 6.5-8
  • dissolved oxygen > 6mg/L
  • incubation of eggs 4-12oC
  • ingrowing stage 10-15C
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42
Q

broomstick management for salmons

A
  • rainbow trout
    = male 2-4, female 3-6
    = feeding at 1-2% biomass, stop at 14 days prior to spawning
    -trout
    = males lower jaw is longer than upper and bent at the end
    = females low jaw is shorter
  • salmons should be anaesthesia before stripping
    = MS222, sigma
    = can’t leave in too long as it’s also used for euthanasia
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43
Q

stripping and fertilisation of salmons

A
  • (dry methods)- dry bowl, stripping of eggs, stripping of milt
  • gentle mixing, adding water
  • water activates the spermatozoa
  • 3 males for 1 female
  • Salmon eggs aren’t sticky
  • milt motility: brown trout (25s), rainbow (40s)

Russian method = ovarial fluid is remove (sieve), brown trout 75-80% fertilisation rate
German method = no removal of ovarian fluid - rainbow trout - 95%

egg hardening - eggs absorb water and grow in size. micropyle closes

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44
Q

disinfection of salmonid eggs

A
  • two possible times:
    1. before incubation but after egg hardening
    2. at eyed stage
  • organic iodine compounds
  • should completed within 10hrs from fertilisation
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45
Q

type of incubation of salmon eggs

A

vertical tray
= saves space (water goes through all of them overflows)

california tray
= metal

upwelling incubation
= glass or plastic
= water goes from bottom to top and overflows. cannot remove the dead eggs because they’re constantly moving

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46
Q

incubation of salmonid eggs

A
  • at 5oC
  • rainbow = shortest incubation period (400oD)(80days)
  • brown = (500oD)(100days)
  • need to remove dead eggs as it’s a source of growth of fungi
  • can transport the eggs when in eyed stage
  • removal of dead and unfertilised eggs - soaking in 8% NaCl, dead eggs will float to top
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47
Q

incubation of yolk-sac larvae in baskets (salmon)

A
  • rainbow 150-200oD or 2-3 weeks at 10oC, Atlantic 290oD
  • larvae rest on their sides - sensitive phase
  • after larvae absorb 2/3 of a yolk sac, swims to the surface to inflate swim bladder when ready
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48
Q

fry rearing of salmon

A
  • transfer of fry to fibreglass, metal or concrete tanks
  • indoors - fry are sensitive to light
  • fry rearing takes 6-8weeks (up to 90days post hatching) –> juveniles 3-5cm
  • fed using pelleted feed
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49
Q

feeding salmon fry

A

1st = manual feeding with starter feed
- 12 times/day
- 20-22hr period with 2-4 hr darkness
- min 55% protein
- Ca 8% body weight per day

later = automaticallyc feeders can be used

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50
Q

feeding salmon juvenilles

A
  • manual/automatic feeding (6-8time/day)
  • need to do regular sorting of the pellet - increases feeding efficiency
  • market size (250-300g)
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51
Q

grow out in floating sea cage

A

rainbow trout
- transfer of juveniles at 70-100g weight
- requires acclimatisation by gradually increasing water salinity
- double growth rate in fresh water

atlantic trout
- smolts at 35-50g
- 4kg after 10-15months

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52
Q

infectious with motile aeromonas - infection with pseudomonas

A
  • aeromonas hydrophilic, pseudomonas anguiliseptica (negative)
  • fresh water and marine fish
  • mostly as secondary invaders after skin injury
  • haemorrhagic septicaemia
  • diagnose: isolation from kidney/spleen
  • treatment: antimicrobial therapy
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53
Q

tenacibaculosis (marine columnar)

A
  • marine fish
  • stress after transfer to cage, overstocking, sunburn
  • localised lesion in gills (necrosis), skin (ulcers), fins (rot)
  • medicated feed (antimicrobials), bath treatment with hydrogen peroxide or formaline
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54
Q

pasteurellosis - pseudotuberculosis

A
  • gram negative
  • marine fish
  • factors: European sea bass, high temp, juvenilles
  • horizontal
  • entry: skin, intestie
  • peracute: fry, mortality up to 100%
  • subacute: older, multiple nodular white foci in spells, kidney, liver and skeletal muscle
  • diagnose: general purpose media with NaCl,marine agar
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55
Q

icthyophthirius multifilis

A
  • aetiological agent of white spot disease or itch
  • all freshwater fish
  • white spots on skin and gills, increase in mucus production, erosion of epithelia
  • trophont (feeding stage) > tomont > cysts with tomites > theronts (free swimming pear shaped infecting)
  • 24oC - 7 days
  • treatment; immersion: copper sulphate, potassium permanganate, salt, formalin
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56
Q

myxozoa

A
  • hosts: fish and annelids
  • fish shed myxospore into water > ingested by annelids > enter intestinal epithelium > actniospore develop > invade fish through skin and gills/gut
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57
Q

myxobolus

A
  • trout, salmon
  • whirling disease
  • Brain and cartialge
  • darkening of caudal region, skeletal deformities
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58
Q

haerospora dykovae

A
  • swim bladder and kidney
  • young
  • mortality up to 100%
  • common carp
  • through gills, migrate through to swim bladder
  • swim bladder inflammation
  • signs: reddening, letahrgy, distended abdomen
  • treatment: oxytetraycline
59
Q

arthropoda

A
  • direct transmission
  • ectoparasites, feeed on blood and tissue
  • attach to the fish surface with pair of round suckers
  • skin irritation and behavioural signs
  • hyperplasia of epithelium and increased mucus production
60
Q

erathothoa bestrides (buccal parasite)

A

marine fish and direct transmission

61
Q

where can you do venipuncture?

A

haemal canal

62
Q

muscle

A

trunk and tail muscle
- separated by vertebral columns
- CT septum (epaxial + hypoxia muscle)
- organised in muscle blocks or myomere (Z or W)
- myomeres are separated by myosepta
- myosepta ossifies = myoinsepta muscular

63
Q

type of muscle fibre

A

red “slow” fibre
- highly vascularise -> red aerobic muscle used for long term sustatined swimming and moderate speed swimming

white “fast”
- poor vasculariation > white anaerobic muslc eused for bursts and strong swimming activiyty

64
Q

marteilosis (entry, why, sampling)

A

parasite proliferates within epithelium of GIT
- when sea temp >17oC
- sampling and diagnostic same as bonamiosis

65
Q

what does marteilosis affect?

A

European flat oyster and mussels
pacific oyster resistent to infection

66
Q

signs of marteilosis

A

pale digestive gland
flesh-thin and watery
mantle retraction
stunted growth, gaping, death (50-90% oysters, <40% mussels)

67
Q

cause of marteilosis and vector

A

cause; marteilia refrains, intracellular parasites
vector: planktonic crustaceans

68
Q

bonamiosis

A
  • paraiste proliferates mainly in haemocytes
  • most common in later winter and spring
  • older oysters, infection is lethal, usually withouth sympto
69
Q

cause of bonamiosis

A

bonamia ostrea… parasites

70
Q

what does bonamiosis affect

A

European flat oyster
pacific oyster is resistant to infection but can act as carrier/reservoir

71
Q

sampling of bonamiosis

A
  • PCR - gaping/freshly dead individuals
  • for histopath - only live oysters, shipped on ice
  • time of sampling - once a year when prevalence is at max
  • lab: stained imprinting, histology, PCR
72
Q

platyhelminths

A

cestode
monogena
trematoda
diplostomum spathaceum

73
Q

monogena

A
  • platyhelminths
  • direct life cycle (no intermediate host)
  • both male and female
  • oviparous, viviparous, host specific, ectoparasites
74
Q

Trematoda - diagenea

A
  • platyhelmith
  • indirect (intermediate host)
  • hermaphrodite, oviparous
75
Q

diplostomum spathaceum (eye fluke)

A
  • platyhelminth
  • fresh water fish, free metaceracariae in eye, cataracts, blindness
76
Q

cestode

A
  • platyhelminth
  • indirect life cycle
  • hermaphoridte
  • oviparous
77
Q

viral hemorrhagic septicaemia (VHS) (mortality, transmission, control)

A
  • mortality in fry up to 100%
  • transmission: horizontal
    control: official health, disinfection…
  • typical occur when temperatures are fluctuating and generally below 14C
78
Q

cause of VHS and vector

A

cause: rhabdoviridae
vector: piscivorous birds

79
Q

VHS effects

A

rainbow and brown trout
- all age groups susceptible

80
Q

signs of VHS

A

acute: lethargy, dark skin, haemorrhage (in skeletal muscles), marked distension of abdomen

chronic: dark skin colour, swollen eyes, mortality

nervous: abnormal swimming behaviour, mortality is low

haemorrhagic anaemia

81
Q

spring viraemia of carp (transmission, mortality)

A
  • transmission: horizontal
  • mortality up to 70%
  • disease outbreak 11-17C
82
Q

spring viraemia of carp cause and vector

A

cause: rhabdoviridae, genus vesiculovirus
- vector: parasites

83
Q

host for spring viraemia

A

common carp

84
Q

signs of spring viraemia of carp

A

hemorrhagic anaemia, anaemia, enteritis, peritonitis

85
Q

koi herpes virus (KHV) (transmission, mortality/morbitidy)

A
  • disease outbreak: 16-25C
  • morbidity up to 100%
  • mortality up to 90-100%
  • transmission: horizontal
86
Q

KHV cause and vector

A

cause: cyprinid herpes virus 3
vector: piscivorous birds, parasites, other fish species

87
Q

KHV affects

A

common carp and koi carp

88
Q

signs of KHV

A

gill necrosis
anointhalmia (sunken eyes)

89
Q

infectious haematopoeitc necrosis (IHN) (mortality and transmission)

A
  • mortality in fry and fingerlings
  • transmission: H + V
90
Q

cause and vector of IHN

A

cause: rhabdoviridae, novirhabdovirus
vector: piscivorous birds, parasites

91
Q

who does IHN effect

A

mostly young salmonids
but all age groups are suspectible
- disease outbreaks typically occur at 10-12C

92
Q

signs of IHN

A
  • hemorrhagic anaemia
  • fecal cast (mucosal sloughing of gastro wall)
  • lethargy, abnormal swimming behaviour
  • ascites, exopthlamia, stomach and intestine contain yellow whitish fluid
93
Q

infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) (mortality, transmission)

A
  • mortality 10-90%
  • transmission: H + V
94
Q

IPN caused by

A

birnaviridae - genus aquabirnavirus
10C

95
Q

IPN affects

A

salmons
acute contagiouss disease of young salmonids (eel)

96
Q

signs of IPN

A

abnormal swimming, dark skin, distended abdomen
haemorrhage in ventral areas, edema and swelling
faecal casts

97
Q

viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (transmission, mortality)

A
  • transmission: V + H
  • higher mortality and earlier appearance of disease
  • in larvae 100%, older 20-50%
  • 22C summer
98
Q

what causes viral encephalopathy and retinopathy

A

nodaviridae, genus betanodavirus

99
Q

who does viral encephalopathy and retinopathy affect

A

peracute to acute - younger marine
mainly larval and juvenilles

100
Q

signs of viral encephalopathy and retinopathy

A
  • vaculoating lesions of CNS and retina
  • dark pigmentation, loss of appetite, erratic swimming, inflation of swim bladder
101
Q

furunculosis (predisposition, transmission, entry)

A
  • sudden temp change (12-15C) + stress
  • horizontal + Vertical
  • entry: skin, gills, gut –> septicaemia
102
Q

cause of furunculosis

A

gram negative bacteria - aeromonas salmonicidia ssp.

103
Q

who does furunculosis affect

A

salmon - juvenilles

104
Q

signs of furunculosis

A

juvenilles (peracute)
- rapid death, w/o signs, darker skin (exophthalmia)

growing fish (acute)
- mortality up to 70%, hemorrhagic (fin + internal)

older (subacute/chronic)
- furuncles (liquefactive, haemorrhagic “boil” in superficial muscle)

105
Q

furunculosis: treat, control and sample

A

sample: isolation of pathogen from kidney on TSA at 22oC

treat: medicated feed (oxytetracycline, florfenicol)

control: vaccinaition, good husbandry, disinfection of fertilised eggs

106
Q

enteric red-mouth disease/yersiniosis cause:

A

gram negative bacteria - yersinia ruckeri

107
Q

yersiniosis affects

A

salmonids
juvenilles more suscpetible

108
Q

yersiniosis signs

A

acute/chornic septicaemia disease
- haemorrhagic septicaemia, haemorrhages in and around mouth at fin bases
- empty instesinte, filled with gases
- intestinal haemorrhage, petechiae on serosa membranes
- swollen kidneys and splenomegaly

109
Q

yersisonosis: sample, treatment and control

A

sample: isolation of pathogen from kidney on tryptic soy agar

treatment: initiate at 1st signs of mortality, medicated feed and beta glucan

prevention+ control: vaccination, maintaining good husbandry, disinfection of fertilised eggs and reduce stocking density

110
Q

yersisosis (conditions, transmission, entry, mortality)

A
  • sudden water change (8-16C), stress
  • horizontal (faeces), vertical and reservoir
  • entry: intestines and gills
  • acute/chronic = 50-70% mortality, endemic 10-15% mortality
111
Q

bacterial coldwater disease/ rainbow trout fry syndrome (condition, transmission)

A
  • low temp, <10oC, poor water quality
  • horizontal (diseased fish, carriers), vertical (eggs)
112
Q

rainbow trout fry syndrome cause

A

gram negative bacteria - flavobacterium psychrophilum)

113
Q

who is affected by rainbow trout fry syndrome

A

salmons
younger

114
Q

signs of rainbow trout fry syndrome

A
  • acute septicaemia, mortality up to 50%
  • peduncle: older, sepsis on localisation skin
  • 1st sign = caudal/peduncle fin erosion, increased lethargy, exophahtlamia, abdomen swelling
  • path: pale gill, ascites, splenomegaly, pale liver (internal pathology predominates)
  • 1st sign (peduncle) = damaged fin tip, rough appearance on skin, ulcers surrounded by yellow pigmented bacterial colonies (external pathology predominates)
115
Q

rainbow trout fry syndrome (sample, treatment, control)

A

sample: isolation from kidney/spleen on media 15oC

treatment: medicated feed (antibiotics)

control: disinfection, reduce density, remove fish, no vaccine available

116
Q

carp erythrodermatitis (entry, transmission)

A
  • enters through damaged skin (skin injury, spawning, summer)
  • horizontal
  • bacterium penetrates through skin erosions and multiples locally, inflammatory process developed so necrosis occurs. osmotic imbalance due to breakdown of skin integrity
117
Q

carp erythrodermatitis cause:

A

gram negative - aeromonas salmonicidia

118
Q

signs of carp erythrodermatitis

A

primary sign is ulcer = spherical, red necrotic centres and white peripheries

  • ascites, secondary infections, healing of ulcer leaves dark pigmented scar
119
Q

sample and control of carp erythrodermatitis

A

sample: clinical, blood agar
control: prevent access of birds

120
Q

columnar - saddle back disease (conditions, transmission)

A
  • poor water quality, high temp and stress
  • horizontal
121
Q

columnaris cause

A

gram negative bacteria - flavobacterium columnare

122
Q

who does columnaris affeect

A

all fresh water fish
young

123
Q

signs of columnaris

A
  • localised infection but may progress to septicaemia
  • skin: increase in mucus on head + upper body, circular areas of greyish growht
  • fins: lesions extend from distal to base, encircling fish (looks like saddle)
  • gills: whitish spots on filament tips
  • lesions covered with yellowish white mucous
124
Q

sample and prevention of columnaris

A

sample: skin + gill swab, isolation on special media
- maintain good husbandry

125
Q

listenilosis (conditions, transmission, entry)

A
  • sudden temp change and stress
  • horizontal
  • entry: intestine, damaged skin
126
Q

cause of listenilosis

A

gram negative bacteria - listonella anguillarum76

127
Q

who does listonella affect

A

marine fish (trout and eel)

128
Q

signs of listontella

A

peracute: rapid death, no signs, cardiac myopathy

acute: haemorrhage, pale liver, enlarged spleen

chronic: ulcers, corneal opacity, ulceration + blindess

129
Q

sample, treatment and control of listonella

A

sample: isolate from spleen/kidneys+ susceptibility testing

treatment: based on results + resistance

control: vaccination, reduce density and probiotics

130
Q

what species are included in polyculture

A

common carp
tench
Prussian carp
grass carp
bighead carp silver carp
european catfish
pikeperch
pike

131
Q

spring viraemia of carp temperature

A

11-17C

132
Q

carp pox temperature

A

15C

133
Q

koi herpes virus temperature

A

16-25C

134
Q

VHS temperature

A

<14C

135
Q

infectious haemopoetic necrosis temperature

A

10-12C

136
Q

infection pancreatic necrosis temperature

A

around 10C

137
Q

viral encephalopathy and retinopathy temperature

A

> 22C

138
Q

furunculosis temperature

A

12-15C

139
Q

enteric red mouth/yersinosis temperature

A

18C

140
Q

rainbow trout fry syndrome temperature

A

<10C

141
Q

columnaries temperature

A

high temperatures

142
Q

listonella temperature

A

high temperatures

143
Q

pasteurellosis temperature

A

high temp
18-20C

fish (2 decks)

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