final Flashcards
1
Q
what is the water quality for carp and trout?
A
carp: 15-30oC
truth 2-18C
2
Q
ammonia
A
acute poisoning: 0.8-2 = neurological signs
chronic poisoning: 0.2 = poor growth, severe gill damage
3
Q
which fish is very sensitive to hypoxia
A
pikeperch
4
Q
why can hypoxia occur?
A
summer: increase of algae,
winter: ince - cessation of photosynthesis
due to transportation: increase in swimming activity
cage: temperature/water inversion
5
Q
clinical signs of hypoxia
A
lighter in colour
death with opercula flared and mouth agape
6
Q
treatment + prevention for hypoxia
A
increase aeration, reduce feeding, reduce fish density, prevention of algal bloom
prevention:
7
Q
fins
A
folds of skin supoprted by bony rays
paired fins: pectoral and pelvic
unpaired: dorsal, caudal, anal and adipose
- adipose fin = “sensory” organ
types: spiny (one bone), soft (small segments)
8
Q
layers of skin
A
epidermis - upper mayer - mucous cells + not keratinised
dermis - lower layer - scale
1. stratum spongiosum - loose CT, capillaries and pigement cells
2. stratum compactum -dense CT
- scales inside dermis
= siluridae = lack scales completely
= reduced in eels
9
Q
scales
A
placoid (sharks and rays)
ganoid (sturgeon)
cosmic (ancient fish)
elasmoid (teleosts) cycloid (without small projection, Salmond, carp) and ctenoid (pikeperch)
- calcified, flexible plates
- siluridae lack scale
- reduced in eel
10
Q
pigment cells/ chromatophores
A
melanophores (dark pigment, melanin)
erythropores (red)
xanthopores (yellow)
iridophores
colour changes: physiological and morphological
11
Q
types of muscle
A
cardiac
smooth
skeletal: head, trunk, tail and fin
axial: organised in muscle blocked/myomere, which are further separated by myosepta
12
Q
gills
A
gill lamellae, gill arches
opercular cavity = operculum (bracnhiostegal membrane), gill arches (rakers)
4 pairs of gill arches
on each Gill arch:
- outer surface = 2 rows of gill filaments (primary lamellae)
- on inner surface = gill rakers
primary lamellae = supported by cartlage
secondary = gaseous exchange
13
Q
heart
A
sinus venosus
atrium
ventricle
conus arteriosus
bulbs arteriosus
14
Q
oral cavity
A
up to last pair of gill arches
15
Q
who lacks a stomach
A
cyprinidae
16
Q
liver
A
compact organ or split into lobes that interdigitate with intestine
- in carp = hepatopancreas
- hepatocytes = polygonal cells, containing central spherical nucleus, containing different amounts of lipid + glycogen
17
Q
pancreas
A
surface of intestine (between pyloric caeca), in liver (hepatopancreas) or spleen
18
Q
kidneys
A
retroperitoneally
two, mostly fused organs
cranial (head) and posterior kidney
hematopoetic and excretory role
osmoregulation
19
Q
swim bladder
A
hydrostatic organ that can be filled or emptied to regulate buoyancy
physostomes
physicists (closed)
- absent in many bottom living species nad some fast swimming
- carp = 2 chambers separaed by diaphragm
1. tunica interna (transparent) - epithelial layer; overlying muscularis mucosa and submucosa of loose CT
2. tunica externa - fibrous layer’ with muscle and elastic CT
20
Q
reproductive system
A
serranidae, sparidae = hermaphroditis
external fertilisation
21
Q
gynogenesis
A
development from an ovum stimulated to divide by penetration from a sperm which doesn’t contribute genes
22
Q
copulation
A
resulting in either discharge of fertilised eggs or viviparous release of young fish
23
Q
sexual maturation
A
warm water: 3-5years
cold: 2-4 years
spawning period each year
exception: eel, salmon
24
Q
which are predatory fish?
A
European catfish, pikeperch and pike
25
natural spawning of (common) carp
- sexual maturation (F 3-5yr, M 4-6 yr)
- spawns: may- June (17-20C)
- eggs: sticky
- spawning: once per year
26
when you catch the brood stock, you do the sex determination
- male are elongated
- females are more rounded in shape, big and soft stomach
- caudal urogenital papilla - female = red, males = see a bit of milk
27
conditioning and hormone treatment
- salt bath
- anaesthetisation (MS 222, benzocaine)
- weight
- tag
- hormone application (CPE, GnRH)
= female is 2 injection, 1st dose is 10% of total dose 24hrs after, inject 2nd dose is 90% total dose
= male - 1 dose, injected at same time as 2nd dose for females
= lateral musculature, long and short
- females - stitching of genital papillae - otherwise after second dose, female might release the eggs
28
carp: stripping and fertilisation
- harvesting eggs and milt (dry method)
= when harvest milk, put in fridge for 5 days
= 1 female and milk of 2 males
- fertilisation solution (urea, NaCl) mix it all gently (1h, otherwise will stick together)
- stickiness removal (tannin solution, tannin removes embryo if left in too long)
- sperm = motile in contact with water 2-3 minutes
29
egg incubating and larvae rearing
- zuger/McDonald jars
- 3-3.5 days at 23oC after hatched -> transported to larvae containers
- larvae hatching lasts 3-4 days at 23oC (no feeding)
30
larvae transportation and stocking
- transportation in PVC bags pressurised with oxygen
- temperature adaption
- 0.5-2ha ponds
- leave 1 month - mortality can go up to 70%
31
nurses pond prep
- everything needs to be completely dry
- disc ploughing
- liming (500-1500kg/ha)
- fertilisiing
- water intake - plankton sieve
- insecticide treatment
32
larvae/early fry feeding
- starter feed
- hard "dough" - fish meal, poultry meal, soybean meal...
- min 45% raw protein
- feed 2x day
- survival rate 20-40%
33
advanced fry harvesting
- 4 - 6 weeks post stocking
- 2-5g fry
- restocking in 5-20ha pond
- 25000-40000 fry/ha
34
advanced fry feeding
- extruded pellets
- size: 2mm
- min 40% raw protein
- ground cereals
- feeding: once per day
35
one- Summer fry (c1) (1m- 1yr)
- overwintering in some ponds or autumn harvesting and stocking in overwintering ponds
- survival rate: 50%
- size 30-80g
- biomass 800-900kg/ha
36
feeding
- extruded pellets
- size: 4-6mm
- min 30% raw protein
- cereal grain
- feeding: once per day
37
pelagic
liver and feed away from the bottom in open water
- coastal (herring, sardine)
- oceanic (tuna)
38
demersal
bottom feeders
- benthic (flatfish) or benthopelagic (most species)
39
viral disease of warm water fish
- spring viraemia of carp
- carp pox
- koi herpes virus disease
- koi sleepy disease
40
carp pox (cause, signs, mortality, effects)
- cyprinid herpesvirus 1
- common carp
- benign, hyperplastic, papillomatous growths in skin
- mortality can be high in juvenilles
- diseases outbreak 15C
41
culture conditions for salmons
- pH 6.5-8
- dissolved oxygen > 6mg/L
- incubation of eggs 4-12oC
- ingrowing stage 10-15C
42
broomstick management for salmons
- rainbow trout
= male 2-4, female 3-6
= feeding at 1-2% biomass, stop at 14 days prior to spawning
-trout
= males lower jaw is longer than upper and bent at the end
= females low jaw is shorter
- salmons should be anaesthesia before stripping
= MS222, sigma
= can't leave in too long as it's also used for euthanasia
43
stripping and fertilisation of salmons
- (dry methods)- dry bowl, stripping of eggs, stripping of milt
- gentle mixing, adding water
- water activates the spermatozoa
- 3 males for 1 female
- Salmon eggs aren't sticky
- milt motility: brown trout (25s), rainbow (40s)
Russian method = ovarial fluid is remove (sieve), brown trout 75-80% fertilisation rate
German method = no removal of ovarian fluid - rainbow trout - 95%
egg hardening - eggs absorb water and grow in size. micropyle closes
44
disinfection of salmonid eggs
- two possible times:
1. before incubation but after egg hardening
2. at eyed stage
- organic iodine compounds
- should completed within 10hrs from fertilisation
45
type of incubation of salmon eggs
vertical tray
= saves space (water goes through all of them overflows)
california tray
= metal
upwelling incubation
= glass or plastic
= water goes from bottom to top and overflows. cannot remove the dead eggs because they're constantly moving
46
incubation of salmonid eggs
- at 5oC
- rainbow = shortest incubation period (400oD)(80days)
- brown = (500oD)(100days)
- need to remove dead eggs as it's a source of growth of fungi
- can transport the eggs when in eyed stage
- removal of dead and unfertilised eggs - soaking in 8% NaCl, dead eggs will float to top
47
incubation of yolk-sac larvae in baskets (salmon)
- rainbow 150-200oD or 2-3 weeks at 10oC, Atlantic 290oD
- larvae rest on their sides - sensitive phase
- after larvae absorb 2/3 of a yolk sac, swims to the surface to inflate swim bladder when ready
48
fry rearing of salmon
- transfer of fry to fibreglass, metal or concrete tanks
- indoors - fry are sensitive to light
- fry rearing takes 6-8weeks (up to 90days post hatching) --> juveniles 3-5cm
- fed using pelleted feed
49
feeding salmon fry
1st = manual feeding with starter feed
- 12 times/day
- 20-22hr period with 2-4 hr darkness
- min 55% protein
- Ca 8% body weight per day
later = automaticallyc feeders can be used
50
feeding salmon juvenilles
- manual/automatic feeding (6-8time/day)
- need to do regular sorting of the pellet - increases feeding efficiency
- market size (250-300g)
51
grow out in floating sea cage
rainbow trout
- transfer of juveniles at 70-100g weight
- requires acclimatisation by gradually increasing water salinity
- double growth rate in fresh water
atlantic trout
- smolts at 35-50g
- 4kg after 10-15months
52
infectious with motile aeromonas - infection with pseudomonas
- aeromonas hydrophilic, pseudomonas anguiliseptica (negative)
- fresh water and marine fish
- mostly as secondary invaders after skin injury
- haemorrhagic septicaemia
- diagnose: isolation from kidney/spleen
- treatment: antimicrobial therapy
53
tenacibaculosis (marine columnar)
- marine fish
- stress after transfer to cage, overstocking, sunburn
- localised lesion in gills (necrosis), skin (ulcers), fins (rot)
- medicated feed (antimicrobials), bath treatment with hydrogen peroxide or formaline
54
pasteurellosis - pseudotuberculosis
- gram negative
- marine fish
- factors: European sea bass, high temp, juvenilles
- horizontal
- entry: skin, intestie
- peracute: fry, mortality up to 100%
- subacute: older, multiple nodular white foci in spells, kidney, liver and skeletal muscle
- diagnose: general purpose media with NaCl,marine agar
55
icthyophthirius multifilis
- aetiological agent of white spot disease or itch
- all freshwater fish
- white spots on skin and gills, increase in mucus production, erosion of epithelia
- trophont (feeding stage) > tomont > cysts with tomites > theronts (free swimming pear shaped infecting)
- 24oC - 7 days
- treatment; immersion: copper sulphate, potassium permanganate, salt, formalin
56
myxozoa
- hosts: fish and annelids
- fish shed myxospore into water > ingested by annelids > enter intestinal epithelium > actniospore develop > invade fish through skin and gills/gut
57
myxobolus
- trout, salmon
- whirling disease
- Brain and cartialge
- darkening of caudal region, skeletal deformities
58
haerospora dykovae
- swim bladder and kidney
- young
- mortality up to 100%
- common carp
- through gills, migrate through to swim bladder
- swim bladder inflammation
- signs: reddening, letahrgy, distended abdomen
- treatment: oxytetraycline
59
arthropoda
- direct transmission
- ectoparasites, feeed on blood and tissue
- attach to the fish surface with pair of round suckers
- skin irritation and behavioural signs
- hyperplasia of epithelium and increased mucus production
60
erathothoa bestrides (buccal parasite)
marine fish and direct transmission
61
where can you do venipuncture?
haemal canal
62
muscle
trunk and tail muscle
- separated by vertebral columns
- CT septum (epaxial + hypoxia muscle)
- organised in muscle blocks or myomere (Z or W)
- myomeres are separated by myosepta
- myosepta ossifies = myoinsepta muscular
63
type of muscle fibre
red "slow" fibre
- highly vascularise -> red aerobic muscle used for long term sustatined swimming and moderate speed swimming
white "fast"
- poor vasculariation > white anaerobic muslc eused for bursts and strong swimming activiyty
64
marteilosis (entry, why, sampling)
parasite proliferates within epithelium of GIT
- when sea temp >17oC
- sampling and diagnostic same as bonamiosis
65
what does marteilosis affect?
European flat oyster and mussels
pacific oyster resistent to infection
66
signs of marteilosis
pale digestive gland
flesh-thin and watery
mantle retraction
stunted growth, gaping, death (50-90% oysters, <40% mussels)
67
cause of marteilosis and vector
cause; marteilia refrains, intracellular parasites
vector: planktonic crustaceans
68
bonamiosis
- paraiste proliferates mainly in haemocytes
- most common in later winter and spring
- older oysters, infection is lethal, usually withouth sympto
69
cause of bonamiosis
bonamia ostrea... parasites
70
what does bonamiosis affect
European flat oyster
pacific oyster is resistant to infection but can act as carrier/reservoir
71
sampling of bonamiosis
- PCR - gaping/freshly dead individuals
- for histopath - only live oysters, shipped on ice
- time of sampling - once a year when prevalence is at max
- lab: stained imprinting, histology, PCR
72
platyhelminths
cestode
monogena
trematoda
diplostomum spathaceum
73
monogena
- platyhelminths
- direct life cycle (no intermediate host)
- both male and female
- oviparous, viviparous, host specific, ectoparasites
74
Trematoda - diagenea
- platyhelmith
- indirect (intermediate host)
- hermaphrodite, oviparous
75
diplostomum spathaceum (eye fluke)
- platyhelminth
- fresh water fish, free metaceracariae in eye, cataracts, blindness
76
cestode
- platyhelminth
- indirect life cycle
- hermaphoridte
- oviparous
77
viral hemorrhagic septicaemia (VHS) (mortality, transmission, control)
- mortality in fry up to 100%
- transmission: horizontal
control: official health, disinfection...
- typical occur when temperatures are fluctuating and generally below 14C
78
cause of VHS and vector
cause: rhabdoviridae
vector: piscivorous birds
79
VHS effects
rainbow and brown trout
- all age groups susceptible
80
signs of VHS
acute: lethargy, dark skin, haemorrhage (in skeletal muscles), marked distension of abdomen
chronic: dark skin colour, swollen eyes, mortality
nervous: abnormal swimming behaviour, mortality is low
haemorrhagic anaemia
81
spring viraemia of carp (transmission, mortality)
- transmission: horizontal
- mortality up to 70%
- disease outbreak 11-17C
82
spring viraemia of carp cause and vector
cause: rhabdoviridae, genus vesiculovirus
- vector: parasites
83
host for spring viraemia
common carp
84
signs of spring viraemia of carp
hemorrhagic anaemia, anaemia, enteritis, peritonitis
85
koi herpes virus (KHV) (transmission, mortality/morbitidy)
- disease outbreak: 16-25C
- morbidity up to 100%
- mortality up to 90-100%
- transmission: horizontal
86
KHV cause and vector
cause: cyprinid herpes virus 3
vector: piscivorous birds, parasites, other fish species
87
KHV affects
common carp and koi carp
88
signs of KHV
gill necrosis
anointhalmia (sunken eyes)
89
infectious haematopoeitc necrosis (IHN) (mortality and transmission)
- mortality in fry and fingerlings
- transmission: H + V
90
cause and vector of IHN
cause: rhabdoviridae, novirhabdovirus
vector: piscivorous birds, parasites
91
who does IHN effect
mostly young salmonids
but all age groups are suspectible
- disease outbreaks typically occur at 10-12C
92
signs of IHN
- hemorrhagic anaemia
- fecal cast (mucosal sloughing of gastro wall)
- lethargy, abnormal swimming behaviour
- ascites, exopthlamia, stomach and intestine contain yellow whitish fluid
93
infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) (mortality, transmission)
- mortality 10-90%
- transmission: H + V
94
IPN caused by
birnaviridae - genus aquabirnavirus
10C
95
IPN affects
salmons
acute contagiouss disease of young salmonids (eel)
96
signs of IPN
abnormal swimming, dark skin, distended abdomen
haemorrhage in ventral areas, edema and swelling
faecal casts
97
viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (transmission, mortality)
- transmission: V + H
- higher mortality and earlier appearance of disease
- in larvae 100%, older 20-50%
- 22C summer
98
what causes viral encephalopathy and retinopathy
nodaviridae, genus betanodavirus
99
who does viral encephalopathy and retinopathy affect
peracute to acute - younger marine
mainly larval and juvenilles
100
signs of viral encephalopathy and retinopathy
- vaculoating lesions of CNS and retina
- dark pigmentation, loss of appetite, erratic swimming, inflation of swim bladder
101
furunculosis (predisposition, transmission, entry)
- sudden temp change (12-15C) + stress
- horizontal + Vertical
- entry: skin, gills, gut --> septicaemia
102
cause of furunculosis
gram negative bacteria - aeromonas salmonicidia ssp.
103
who does furunculosis affect
salmon - juvenilles
104
signs of furunculosis
juvenilles (peracute)
- rapid death, w/o signs, darker skin (exophthalmia)
growing fish (acute)
- mortality up to 70%, hemorrhagic (fin + internal)
older (subacute/chronic)
- furuncles (liquefactive, haemorrhagic "boil" in superficial muscle)
105
furunculosis: treat, control and sample
sample: isolation of pathogen from kidney on TSA at 22oC
treat: medicated feed (oxytetracycline, florfenicol)
control: vaccinaition, good husbandry, disinfection of fertilised eggs
106
enteric red-mouth disease/yersiniosis cause:
gram negative bacteria - yersinia ruckeri
107
yersiniosis affects
salmonids
juvenilles more suscpetible
108
yersiniosis signs
acute/chornic septicaemia disease
- haemorrhagic septicaemia, haemorrhages in and around mouth at fin bases
- empty instesinte, filled with gases
- intestinal haemorrhage, petechiae on serosa membranes
- swollen kidneys and splenomegaly
109
yersisonosis: sample, treatment and control
sample: isolation of pathogen from kidney on tryptic soy agar
treatment: initiate at 1st signs of mortality, medicated feed and beta glucan
prevention+ control: vaccination, maintaining good husbandry, disinfection of fertilised eggs and reduce stocking density
110
yersisosis (conditions, transmission, entry, mortality)
- sudden water change (8-16C), stress
- horizontal (faeces), vertical and reservoir
- entry: intestines and gills
- acute/chronic = 50-70% mortality, endemic 10-15% mortality
111
bacterial coldwater disease/ rainbow trout fry syndrome (condition, transmission)
- low temp, <10oC, poor water quality
- horizontal (diseased fish, carriers), vertical (eggs)
112
rainbow trout fry syndrome cause
gram negative bacteria - flavobacterium psychrophilum)
113
who is affected by rainbow trout fry syndrome
salmons
younger
114
signs of rainbow trout fry syndrome
- acute septicaemia, mortality up to 50%
- peduncle: older, sepsis on localisation skin
- 1st sign = caudal/peduncle fin erosion, increased lethargy, exophahtlamia, abdomen swelling
- path: pale gill, ascites, splenomegaly, pale liver (internal pathology predominates)
- 1st sign (peduncle) = damaged fin tip, rough appearance on skin, ulcers surrounded by yellow pigmented bacterial colonies (external pathology predominates)
115
rainbow trout fry syndrome (sample, treatment, control)
sample: isolation from kidney/spleen on media 15oC
treatment: medicated feed (antibiotics)
control: disinfection, reduce density, remove fish, no vaccine available
116
carp erythrodermatitis (entry, transmission)
- enters through damaged skin (skin injury, spawning, summer)
- horizontal
- bacterium penetrates through skin erosions and multiples locally, inflammatory process developed so necrosis occurs. osmotic imbalance due to breakdown of skin integrity
117
carp erythrodermatitis cause:
gram negative - aeromonas salmonicidia
118
signs of carp erythrodermatitis
primary sign is ulcer = spherical, red necrotic centres and white peripheries
- ascites, secondary infections, healing of ulcer leaves dark pigmented scar
119
sample and control of carp erythrodermatitis
sample: clinical, blood agar
control: prevent access of birds
120
columnar - saddle back disease (conditions, transmission)
- poor water quality, high temp and stress
- horizontal
121
columnaris cause
gram negative bacteria - flavobacterium columnare
122
who does columnaris affeect
all fresh water fish
young
123
signs of columnaris
- localised infection but may progress to septicaemia
- skin: increase in mucus on head + upper body, circular areas of greyish growht
- fins: lesions extend from distal to base, encircling fish (looks like saddle)
- gills: whitish spots on filament tips
- lesions covered with yellowish white mucous
124
sample and prevention of columnaris
sample: skin + gill swab, isolation on special media
- maintain good husbandry
125
listenilosis (conditions, transmission, entry)
- sudden temp change and stress
- horizontal
- entry: intestine, damaged skin
126
cause of listenilosis
gram negative bacteria - listonella anguillarum76
127
who does listonella affect
marine fish (trout and eel)
128
signs of listontella
peracute: rapid death, no signs, cardiac myopathy
acute: haemorrhage, pale liver, enlarged spleen
chronic: ulcers, corneal opacity, ulceration + blindess
129
sample, treatment and control of listonella
sample: isolate from spleen/kidneys+ susceptibility testing
treatment: based on results + resistance
control: vaccination, reduce density and probiotics
130
what species are included in polyculture
common carp
tench
Prussian carp
grass carp
bighead carp silver carp
european catfish
pikeperch
pike
131
spring viraemia of carp temperature
11-17C
132
carp pox temperature
15C
133
koi herpes virus temperature
16-25C
134
VHS temperature
<14C
135
infectious haemopoetic necrosis temperature
10-12C
136
infection pancreatic necrosis temperature
around 10C
137
viral encephalopathy and retinopathy temperature
>22C
138
furunculosis temperature
12-15C
139
enteric red mouth/yersinosis temperature
18C
140
rainbow trout fry syndrome temperature
<10C
141
columnaries temperature
high temperatures
142
listonella temperature
high temperatures
143
pasteurellosis temperature
high temp
18-20C
