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final Flashcards

1
Q

used to decrease scatter from reaching the film, placed between patient and IR

A

grids

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2
Q

cathode end of tube is

A

negative

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3
Q

diagnostic x rays are considered

A

low dose

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4
Q

the amount of overall blackening on a film

A

radiographic density

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5
Q

the degree to which the study accurately reveals the presence or absence of disease in the patient

A

diagnostic efficiency

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6
Q

reduction in the number of primary photons in the x ray beam through absorption & scatter as the beam passes through the patient

A

attenuation

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7
Q

undesirable, increase in overall density & decrease detail, on a completed image caused by scatter radiation

A

radiographic fog

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8
Q

alpha, beta, neutrons & protons, all subatomic particles that are ejected from the nucleus of atoms at very high speeds

A

particulate radiation

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9
Q

the transfer of energy that can remove orbital electron from the atoms from which they are attached

A

ionization

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10
Q

variants of a particular chemical element which differ in neutron number

A

isotopes

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11
Q

effective measures employed by radiation workers to safe guard patients, personnel, and the public from unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation

A

radiation protection

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12
Q

the exit or imaging forming photons

A

remnant radiation

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13
Q

used to measure risk of exposure to humans (whole body)

A

effective dose

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14
Q

product of the average absorbed dose in a tissue or organ

A

equivalent dose

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15
Q

radiation consisting of characteristic photons

A

characteristic radiation

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16
Q

primary x ray photons that traverse a patient without interacting

A

direct transmission

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17
Q

the quantity used in accessing the radiation risk

A

dose area product

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18
Q

differences in gray levels

A

radiographic contrast

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19
Q

below a certain radiation level or dose, no biologic effects are observed

A

threshold dose

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20
Q

skin reddening, hair loss, fever, blood disorders, fatigue, nausea

A

early tissue effects

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21
Q

late tissue effects

A

cataracts, fibrosis, organ atrophy, loss of cells, reduced fertility, sterility

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22
Q

late stochastic effects

A

cancer & genetic affects

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23
Q

increase SID if there is large OID

A

air gap technique

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24
Q

beneficial results for populations continuously exposed to small amounts of radiation

A

radiation hormesis

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25
Q

as kVp increases what happens to patient dose

A

decreases

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26
Q

as mAs increases what happens to patient dose

A

increases

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27
Q

the amount of absorption needed to decrease the intensity of the beam by half

A

HVL (half value level)

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28
Q

the ability to duplicate exposures at a set combination of kVp, mAs, and mA for repeated exposures

A

reproducibility

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29
Q

changes to those yet unborn

A

genetic damage

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30
Q

what method is used to to answer patients questions about the amount of radiation they receive in a way they can understand, helps control fear / anxiety

A

BERT method

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31
Q

ORP (optimization for radiation protection) is also known as

A

ALARA (as low as reasonable achievable)

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32
Q

first American radiation worker to die from radiation induced cancer

A

clarence dally

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33
Q

A radiation survey instrument generally used in a laboratory setting to detect alpha and beta radiation and small amounts of other types of low-level radioactive contamination.

A

proportional counter

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34
Q

detects radioactive spills

A

geiger mueller

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35
Q

SSD for fixed fluoro devices

A

15 inches

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36
Q

SSD for mobile units

A

12 inches

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37
Q

what quantity of energy is needed to dislodge an inner shell electron from its atomic orbit

A

as large as or larger than the amount of energy that binds the electrons in its orbit

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38
Q

atomic mass and attenuation are ___ proportional

A

directly

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39
Q

what factors control density

A

mAs (quantity)

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40
Q

what type of radiation has the highest LET

A

alpha radiation

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41
Q

LET

A

linear energy transfer

42
Q

leakage radiation are limited to

A

1 mSv or 1 mGy / hour

43
Q

all directional scatter is known as

A

compton

44
Q

thickness of lead in the bucky slot cover

A

.25 mm Pb

45
Q

thickness of lead in the fluoro tower apron

A

.5 mm Pb

46
Q

lead apron thickness for above 70 kVp

A

.5 mmPb

47
Q

what type of metal is used for filtration

A

aluminum (Al)

48
Q

2 types of filtration

A

inherent / added

49
Q

how much filtration is needed for machines using 70 kVp and above

A

2.5 mm

50
Q

what happens when filtration is added to the tube of the x-ray

A

quality of beam increases & quantity decreases

51
Q

health care facilities are required to provide dosimeters when personnel may receive _____ of the annual occupational EfD in any month

A

10%

52
Q

where is a normal, one badge, worn

A

@ collar level

53
Q

where is a fetal monitor or 2nd badge worn during fluoro

A

waist under apron

54
Q

what is used for monitoring x ray machine installs

A

ionization-chamber type survey meter

55
Q

NCRP

A

national council on radiation protection

56
Q

regulation of product/equipment designs

A

FDA

57
Q

monitors employment
*employee safety standards

A

OSHA

58
Q

RSO & responsibility

A

radiation safety officer- directly responsible for the execution, enforcement, & maintenance of the ALARA program

59
Q

barium & iodine have high or low atomic numbers?

A

high atomic numbers

60
Q

higher atomic numbers have more or less attenuation?

A

more

61
Q

what two interactions are most important to x ray

A

photoelectric & compton

62
Q

what type of energy is radiation

A

kinetic (energy of motion)

63
Q

which type of radiation has the potential to be the most ionizing

A

gamma rays

64
Q

what are examples of electromagnetic radiation

A

ionizing - x rays, gamma rays
non ionizing - visible light, microwaves, & radio waves

65
Q

what speed do x rays travel

A

186000 (speed of light)

66
Q

the amount of radiation received by a patient may be indicated in terms of

A

ESE, bone marrow dose, gonadal dose, & fetal dose

67
Q

general public annual dose limit

A

1 mSv

68
Q

occupational annual dose limit

A

50 mSv

69
Q

how much lead is needed for a primary barrier

A

1/16

70
Q

how much lead is needed for a secondary barrier

A

1/32

71
Q

minimum distance a radiographer must stay from the mobile unit

A

6 feet

72
Q

what type of switch must be used in fluoro procedures

A

dead man type

73
Q

the order of who should be asked to hold a patient

A

male relative
female relative
non rad personnel
rad personnel

74
Q

fluoro time sounds after ___ mins

A

5

75
Q

best way to keep image at optimal level and decrease patient dose when needed to change exposure selections

A

increase kVp & decrease mAs

76
Q

properties of radiation (x-rays)

A

travel in straight lines, penetrate matter, invisible, electrically neutral, travel @ speed of light

77
Q

somatic damage

A

damage to cells in the body by ionizing radiation

78
Q

a badge worn that gives instant dose readings via app

A

digital badge

79
Q

NCRP repot gives guidelines for

A

ALARA

80
Q

possesses the greatest ability to absorb radiant energy

A

radiolucent (carbon fiber)

81
Q

oversees and enforces standards of dose limits, inspection and testing on sites - nuclear energy industry

A

NRC (Nuclear Regulatory Commission)

82
Q

environmental protection agency; develops and enforces regulations concerning radiation in the environment

A

EPA

83
Q

Commission on radiologic protection; general recommendations for occupational and public dose 

A

ICRP

84
Q

what is a control badge and what is it used for

A

badge that sits in the workplace area & counts environmental radiation so it can be subtracted from the workers personal badges

85
Q

Not enough energy to knock out an electron, all directional scatter, x-ray that comes in and goes out, adds to tech does (useless)

A

compton

86
Q

atoms give off energy by producing a scattered x-ray but does not lose energy

A

coherent

87
Q

x-ray comes into the nucleus and disappears an x-ray photon must have energy of at least 1.022 me V for this to occur 

A

pair production

88
Q

nucleus gets into an excited state and emits a nuclear fragment

A

Photodisintegration

89
Q

produces radiation less effect known as auger effect, most important interaction for producing a useful image, photo electrons are a byproduct of this interaction (adds to patient dose)

A

Photoelectric

90
Q

which takes place with an inner shell electron

A

Photoelectric

91
Q

SI unit exposure

A

c/kg

92
Q

SI unit air kerma

A

j/kg

93
Q

SI unit for EqD & EfD

A

sieverts

94
Q

solve for EqD

A

D times Wr

95
Q

ColEfd

A

sv times population

96
Q

pregnant workers monthly dose & gestational dose

A

.4msv & 5msv

97
Q

lifetime dose is calculated by multiplying what two factors

A

10 msv times age

98
Q

on a typical floral machine where is the tube located

A

right on top of the patient

99
Q

secondary barriers

A

includes ceiling , control booth , & doors

100
Q

what is the exposure rate per week (barriers)

A

1msv

101
Q

prevents DIRECT or un-scattered, radiation from reaching personnel or public

A

primary barrier

protection (2 decks)

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