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Anatomy Class 2 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Which layer of the epidermis is single-celled, consists of cuboidal or columnar epithelium, and is attached to the basement membrane?

A

Stratum germinativum

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2
Q

Which layer of the skin contains the sweat glands?

A

Dermis

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3
Q

Which if the following is NOT a function of the skin?

A

Production of red blood cells

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4
Q

Which techniques alternatively deform and release tissue at varying rhythms and pressure?

A

Percussive techniques

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5
Q

The most superficial layer of the epidermis, the —— mostly consists of dead cells and keratin

A

Stratum Corneum

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6
Q

The application of water for therapeutic purposes is termed ——-

A

Hydrotherapy

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7
Q

Tue or False? Profuse sweating, washing, and bathing can significantly alter the normal resident microorganisms or flora found on the skin

A

False

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8
Q

True or False? Glandular secretion increase with age

A

False

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9
Q

True or False? Massage has the ability to mechanically change the texture and consistency of skin

A

True

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10
Q

True or False? Massage can increase local blood and lymph flow

A

True

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11
Q

True or False? Psychoneuroimmunologic effects are those caused by physically moving the tissue

A

False

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12
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerve branch off the spinal cord to the rest of the body?

A

31

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13
Q

Which part of the brain houses the thalamus and hypothalamus?

A

Diencephalon

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14
Q

The peripheral nervous system is divided in to ____, the ______, and the _____ nervous systems

A

Sensory, Somatic & Autonomic

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15
Q

_____ are the functional unit of the nervous system

A

Neurons

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16
Q

True or False? The trigeminal nerve carries sensations of touch and pressure.

A

True

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17
Q

True or False? The medial nerve innervates the thumb and fist two fingers and lateral half of the third finger

A

True

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18
Q

True or False? With age comes a steady loss of neurons in the brain and spinal cord

A

True

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19
Q

Which of the following correctly traces the path sperm travels from the testis to outside of the body?

A

Epididymis, Vas Deferens, Ejaculatory Duct, Urethra

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20
Q

Which gland contributes approximately 60% of the seminal fluid?

A

Seminal Vesicle

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21
Q

Which part of the penis is removed in Circumcision?

A

Prepuce/foreskin

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22
Q

Reproductive function begins with the onset of _____, which is the final maturation of the reproductive system

A

Puberty

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23
Q

In both sexes, the _____ remain dormant until they are activated by secretions from the pituitary during this period

A

Gonads

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24
Q

The glandular portion of the breast is known as the _____

A

Mammary Gland

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25
Q

The reflex by which milk is secreted when an infant suckles the nipples is known as the _____

A

Milk Letdown Reflux

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26
Q

True or False? The fetal period is the time between the start of the third week to the end of the eighth week of pregnancy

A

False

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27
Q

True or False? Milk is secreted by glands known as alveoli

A

True

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28
Q

True or False? The temperature of the testes within the scrotum is maintained slightly above that of the body

A

False

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29
Q

True or False? In benign prostatic hyperplasia, the prostate shrinks to half its original size

A

False

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30
Q

____ are chemical messengers released by one tissue into the bloodstream to have an effect on the other tissue in the body

A

Hormones

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31
Q

______ glands secrete into ducts connected to body cavities, organs lumens, or outside the body

A

Exocrine

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32
Q

The primary stimulus for insulin secretion is an increase in blood _____ levels

A

Glucose

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33
Q

The ____ gland Is located posterior to the sternum and is important for immunity, containing lymphocytes in various stages of development

A

Thymus

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34
Q

The hormone ___ Is secreted by the stomach when peptides and amino acids are present in the partially digested food

A

Gastrin

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35
Q

True or False? Endocrine glands secrete chemicals into the interstitial fluid around them

A

True

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36
Q

True or False? Each cell has receptors on the cell membrane, cytoplasm, or nucleus that recognize and respond exclusively to specific hormones

A

True

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37
Q

True or False? The “fight or flight” response occurs during the resistance phase of the stress response

A

False (alarm phase)

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38
Q

True or False? Hormones that enter the circulatory system and have effects on cells far away are known as Local hormones

A

False (circulatory hormones)

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39
Q

True or False? Usually, each cell has as many as 2,000 to 10,000 receptors for a specific hormone

A

True

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40
Q

True or False? Water- soluble hormones easily pass through the cell membrane to enter cells

A

False (cannot pass easily)

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41
Q

True or False? Most endocrine gland secretions are controlled by a negative feedback mechanism

A

True

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42
Q

Which type of white blood cell stains pink with acid dyes and is highly toxic for parasites?

A

Eosinophil

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43
Q

The process in which a white blood cell engulfs a foreign agent into its cytoplasm and destroys it is known as ____

A

Phagocytosis

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44
Q

The fall in blood pressure and dizziness caused by suddenly standing up is known as orthostatic or postural_____

A

Hypotension

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45
Q

True or False? Normal diastolic pressure is about 120 mm Hg

A

False (80 mm Hg)

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46
Q

True or False? If peripheral resistance increases, blood pressure must be increased to maintain flow

A

True

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47
Q

True or False? Those who have had long-term aerobic training have smaller hearts

A

False ( larger, stronger hearts)

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48
Q

True or False? The process of forming new blood vessels is known as angiogenesis

A

True

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49
Q

True or False? With age there is less of a tendency for the blood to clot

A

False ( increased)

50
Q

Which of the following is NOT used by the lymphatic system to move fluid toward the neck?

A

A lymphatic pump, similar to the heart

51
Q

Which type of T cells help activate the B cells to produce antibodies?

A

Helper/inducer T cells

52
Q

Tiny lymph vessels that bring lymph into the lymph node are known as which of the following?

A

Afferent vessels

53
Q

The flat, long structure located in the mediastinum (between the lungs) that is the first organ to began the manufacture of lymphocytes is which of the following?

54
Q

The inguinal nodes are located in which region?

A

Lower extremity

55
Q

The massage technique that involves kneading lightly with the fingertips or hand to soften areas of hardened edema is which of the following?

A

Compression

56
Q

Which is the correct order for performing lymph drainage strokes to the upper extremity?

A

Deltoid, upper arm, forearm, hand

57
Q

Which type of immunity is genetically determined?

58
Q

Which of the following is considered an autoimmune disorder, in which the immune system mistakenly targets normal body cells and tissues?

A

Rheumatoid arthritis

59
Q

The _____ collects lymph from the right side of the body superior to the diaphragm

A

Right lymphatic duct

60
Q

_____ are small organs that filter particles and remove foreign substances before the lymph empties into the veins

A

Lymph nodes

61
Q

True or False? Lymphocytes not only recognize foreign agents in the interstitial fluid but also remember the ones they have encountered

62
Q

True or False? The spleen is the largest mass of lymphoid tissue in the body

63
Q

True and False? Massage over lymph nodes increase edema

A

False (decreases)

64
Q

True or False? By relieving stress, massage may boost the various functions of the immune system

65
Q

Which of the following is suited to clean the air that enters the nasal cavity and to bring it to body temperature and humidity?

A

Nasal epithelium

66
Q

Which of the following are the cavities present in the lateral and superior walls of the nasal cavity?

A

Paranasal sinuses

67
Q

The region that extends between the posterior part of the nasal cavity and the larynx is which of the following?

68
Q

Which part of the pharynx is common for the passage of food and air?

A

Oropharynx

69
Q

Which of the following is also known as the windpipe?

70
Q

The major muscle (or muscles) of inspiration is/are the

71
Q

Which of the process of respiration involves the absorption of oxygen and the removal of carbon dioxide from air spaces in the lung and pulmonary capillaries?

A

External respiration

72
Q

The posterior part of the tongue contains some lymphoid tissue known as the _____

A

Lingual tonsils

73
Q

Bronchi located outside the lungs are known as ____ bronchi

A

Extrapulmonary

74
Q

The areas in the medulla and pons of the brain that are responsible for involuntary control of breathing are known as the ______

A

Respiratory centers

75
Q

Clients with breathing difficulty or requiring sinus drainage may be more comfortable in ______ position, in which the head end is raised 30 to 90 degrees, with the hips and knees slightly flexed

76
Q

True or False? Normal adult has a respiratory rate of about 60 breaths per minute

A

False ( 12-18)

77
Q

True or False? The level of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen ions can alter respiration

78
Q

True or False? The elderly rely on the movement of the diaphragm more than chest wall movement

79
Q

True or False? Massage can slow down respiratory rate

80
Q

Which layer of mucosa consists of connective tissue, glands, nerve endings, blood vessels, and lymphoid tissue?

A

Lamina propria

81
Q

The folds in the epithelium of the digestive tract wall that increase absorption of nutrients are known as which of the following?

82
Q

The wave of muscular contraction that travels along the length of the digestive tract is known as ______

A

Peristalsis

83
Q

The process of swallowing is known as _______

A

Deglutition

84
Q

The passage from the middle ear to the pharynx that equalizes the air pressure between the atmosphere and middle war is which of the following?

A

Eustachian tube

85
Q

The proximal region of the stomach, close to the esophagus, is known as the _____

86
Q

The area of the stomach that forms the curve of the “J” near the sphincter that opens into the duodenum is the ______

87
Q

The function of the _____ is to store and concentrate bile that is secreted by the liver

A

Gallbladder

88
Q

The dentin of the tooth is covered by the layer of ____ which is a crystalline form of calcium phosphate

89
Q

After being processed by the stomach, food is known as _____

90
Q

The _____ is a gland that lies posterior to the stomach and manufactures enzymes that help with the digestion of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates

91
Q

The final portion of the colon is known as the ___ colon

92
Q

True or False? About 90% of absorption occurs in the large intestine

A

False (small intestine)

93
Q

True or False? Gastrin, a hormone secreted by cells in the stomach, stimulates gastric motility and secretion

94
Q

True or False? The krebs cycle is a series of chemical reactions facilitated by different enzymes that occur in the matrix of the mitochondria

95
Q

Which part of the urinary system filters waste products, toxins, and excess fluid from the bloodstream?

A

C. Kidneys

96
Q

The study of the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the kidney is which of the following?

A

B. Nephrology

97
Q

Which of the following is NOT a function if the urinary system?

A

D. Manufacturers enzymes that help with the digestion of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates

98
Q

The indentation in the kidney that faces medially is the _____

99
Q

From deep superficial, which is the correct order of layers covering the kidney?

A

A. Renal capsule, adipose capsule, renal fascia

100
Q

The cup-shaped structures into which any urine that is formed in the kidney drains are known as the _____

A

C. Renal calyces

101
Q

The large pores between the endothelial cells of the capillaries in the glomerulus are known as which of the following?

A

B. Fenestrations

102
Q

What percentage of urine is water?

A

D. 93% - 97%

103
Q

In which segment of the nephron is about 60% to 70% of the water from the tubular fluid reabsorbed?

A

B. Proximal convoluted tubule

104
Q

The smooth muscle of the bladder wall is which of the following?

A

C. Detrusor muscle

105
Q

With age, which organ typically increases in size in men?

A

B. Prostate

106
Q

The renal artery, renal vein, lymphatics, and renal nerves enter and leave the kidney at the _____

107
Q

True or False? If all of the nephrons in the kidney were laud end to end, they would extend about 90 miles

108
Q

True or False? Urine is a sterile fluid

A

True (inside the body)

109
Q

True or False? The band of circular skeletal muscle that surrounds the urethra as it passes through the pelvic floor is the external urethral sphincter

110
Q

True or False? What effect of massage is the potential decrease of urine production

A

False (increase)

111
Q

The autonomic Nervous system has two divisions: the ___ and the ____

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

112
Q

True or False? Lymph capillaries are highly permeable and allow large particles to easily enter the vessel

113
Q

Which structure moves posteriorly with each swallow to close the narrow opening of the Larynx to prevent entry of food into the larynx?

A

Epiglottis

114
Q

The vocal cords are actually which of the following?

115
Q

The part of the thoracic cavity that lies between the lungs is known as which of the following?

A

Mediastinum

116
Q

True or False? Temperature can affect respiratory rate

117
Q

The part of the small intestine that joins to the large intestine is which of the following?

118
Q

Saliva is secreted by the _____

A

Salivary glands

119
Q

Together, the glomerular capsule and the glomerulus are known as the ____

A

Renal Corpuscle

120
Q

True or False? The Filtration membrane of the nephron allows large structures such as proteins to pass through

A

False (not proteins)

Anatomy Class 2 (4 decks)

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