Final Flashcards
• Speech sound disorder (SSD)
- occurs when difficulties making certain sounds continue past a certain age (The age ranges vary depending on sounds)
- problems with articulation (producing sounds) and phonological processes (sound patterns)
• Articulation disorder
- atypical production of speech sounds characterized by substitutions, omissions, or distortion that may interfere with intelligibility
- involves physical or motor movement problems making sounds
• Phonological disorder
- impaired comprehension of the sound system of a language and the rules that govern the sound combinations.
- closely related to the other areas of the language system.
- Delayed phonological development may occur with delayed lexical and grammatical development
• Hearing impaired
consonants, vowels, and prosody
• Cleft Palate
hypernasality, oral motor exam
• Intellectual Disability
naturalistic approach, language-based intervention
• Cerebral palsy
same as dysarthria
• CAS and acquired apraxia of speech
problems with motor plan and program, inconsistent errors, no muscle problem, diadochokinetic rates, intensive repetition of syllable/word production therapy
• Dysarthria
problems with motor execution (muscle movements), consistent errors (hyper or hypo), diadochokinetic rates, muscle strengthening treatment
Age of mastery of consonants
- by 3-4 years – stops, nasals, glides
- 5-6 years – easy fricatives, affricates
- 7 years – r, s, z; by 8y+ clusters
Age of elimination of phonological processes
3 years – reduplication, final consonant deletion, assimilation
4-5 years – fronting, stopping, weak syllable deletion, cluster reduction
6 years – gliding
phonological awareness
ability to identify sounds in words (important for literacy)
- how many syllables?
- what is final sound?
Levels of representation of phonetics vs. phonology
Phonetics: one level (surface level)
Phonology: 2 levels (surface level and underlying level)
Linear vs. Non-linear phonology
Linear: sequence (equal value)
Non-linear: multiple levels (more important/ less important features)
What are the diagnostic signals of articulation-based SSD?
-difficulty with 1 or 2 sounds
What are the diagnostic signals of phonological-based SSD?
- difficulty in phonemic contrast
- speech errors are patterned
Auditory stimulation
say sound and have them repeat
phonetic placement methods
teach them where articulators are placed
sound modification method
guiding them to change known sound to target sound
Selecting target sounds for minimal
Early developing sounds
Sounds that affect the child’s intelligibility the most
Stimulable sounds
-for mild or moderate phonological disorders
Selecting target sounds for maximal
Two sounds that are not in the child’s inventory
Non-stimulable sounds are preferred
-for moderate to severe phonemic based disorders
Selecting target sounds for multiple
Good approach if a child collapses multiple phonemes into one phoneme
-Effective for children with severe SSD
How to structure Cycles therapy
5-6 target sounds for a cycle, treat only one sound during a session, 60 minutes intervention for each sound, 3-6 cycles needed to see some progress
Cycle Therapy is appropriate for what type of population?
For highly unintelligible children (severe to profound)
/s/ remediation – what are the tongue shapes/positions?
- Apico-alveolar (Tongue tip up) - more common
- Predorsal-alveolar (Tongue tip down behind the lower incisors) may have a therapeutic merit (ex. lateral /s/)
/r/ remediation – what are the tongue shapes/positions?
- Retroflex /r/(Tongue tip is curled up)
- Bunched /r/ (Tongue tip down while central portions of the tongue body are elevated toward the palate)
Articulation based therapy sequence
Step 1. Sensory perceptual training – also called auditory training or ear training
Step 2. Production of the sound in isolation***
Step 3. Production in nonsense syllables
Step 4. Production in words
Step 5. Production in structured contexts (phrases/sentences)
Step 6. Production in spontaneous speech
t
voiceless alveolar stop consonant
k
voiceless velar stop consonant
n
voiced alveolar nasal consonant
s
voiceless alveolar fricative consonant
fancy s
voiceless palatal fricative consonant
t fancy s
voiceless palatal affricate consonant
l
voiced alveolar lateral approximant consonant
j
voiced palatal glide consonant
