final Flashcards
Founder of Buddhism
Siddhartha Gautama
When was Buddhism founded?
563-483 BC
How many carnations does Siddhartha Gautama have?
550
4 things Siddhartha couldn’t see
old person, sick, death, holy man
Why did Siddhartha become the Budda?
his experience under the fig tree - Budda is one who is awake
What do Theravada Buddhists believe about God?
non - theistic - work out your own salvation aside from the Gods
What do Mahayana Buddhists believe about God?
Poly-theistic - Savior beings you can use to gain salvation
What do Tibetan Buddhists believe?
Yoga, meditation, positive visualization
Purpose of life for Buddhists
- reach buddha status through personal purification
- overcome the misery of the world
What is the nature of Heaven for buddhists?
achievement of enlightenment
How do Theravada buddhists get to heaven?
merit self redemption works - life of solitary disciple
How do Mahayana Buddhists get to heaven?
Bodhisattva - people who have almost achieved enlightenment they are choosing not to get off the wheel by helping others achieve enlightenment
Siddharthas views about extremism
NOT about extremism
Laws and Vows for all Buddhists
no killing no stealing no immorality no lying/deceiving no partaking of intoxicants
Laws and Vows for Monastics
no eating between meals no secular entertainment no adorning of body no high or wide beds no accepting of money
Nature of Worship services for Buddhism
prayer
meditation
temple buildings
Where are most Theravada Buddhists located
sri Lanka, thailand, burna, cambodia
Which buddhists denomination is the smallest?
Theravada - lesser vehicle
Which Buddhist denomination is the largest?
Mahayana - the greater vehicle
Where are most Mahayana buddhists located?
Japan, Korea, mongolia, Taiwan, china
Which buddhist denomination is superior?
Tibetan
What does the Lotus represent in Buddhism?
symbol of purification God’s come out of or sit inside lotus flower
What is the Mudra a symbol of?
hand symbols to drive away the evil ones
what are mandalas a symbol of ?
sand drawings, help at beginning of journey, connection to the divine
What is the om mani paddle hum
suppress bad appetite and invite the good ones, sounds have power to connect with the soul
What is the canon for Theravada buddhists
3 baskets
- disciple
- discourse
- special teachings
What is the canon for Mahayana buddhists
Chinese canon
What is the canon for Tibetan Buddhists?
Vajrayana or Tibetan canon
- treated like a person
Authority in Buddhism
Dalai Lama - means great priest, seen as deity
How is Dalai Lama chosen?
Transmigration - kid born same day as last Dalai Lama dying
Dietary restriction for Buddhists
not vegetarian
won’t eat meat specifically killed for them
Buddhists attitude towards women?
women are a threat
not seen as equal
Buddhist view of family
Filial piety - family is a symbol of attachment
Four noble truths of Buddhism
- life is pain and suffering
- pain and suffering are caused by craving and selfish desire
- craving and attachment can be eliminated
- the eightfold middle path leads to the extinction of suffering
What is in the eightfold middle path?
- right understanding or view
- right purpose or aspirations
- right speech
- right conduct or actions
- right livelihood
- right effort or endeavor
- right alertness or mindfulness
- right concentration or meditation
What do Buddhists believe about death?
Tibetan stay by the bod for 4 days and wait for the light
Misconceptions of Buddhism
worship buddha how christians worship christ all believe in reincarnation buddhism is masochistic all look at yoga the same buddhists hate life
5 desirable conditions of Buddhism
- long life
- pleasant appearance
- happiness
- status
- nirvana
Who is the founder of Confucianism?
Confucius
When was Confucius born
551 BC
What was the life of Confucius like?
15 wants to be scholar
20 got paid for talking about philosophy
captain of police in Lu
died in 479
Nature of God for Confucianism?
many believe in Gods, more concerned with the here and now not about heaven
What is the goal of Confucianism?
Focus on bettering yourself and God and heaven will take care of itself
Soteriology phrase about Confucianism
you’re confucian at work (good person) , taoist on weekends(environmental and social interactions) , buddhist at death (what happens when you die)
Purpose of life for Confucianism
propagate peace and harmony by bettering yourself
5 carinal virtues in Confucianism
Hsin - loyalty to words (fruit) Chih - wisdom and application (flower) Li - proper social conduct ( branches) Yi - sense of duty or obligation (trunk) Jen - proper relationships (root)
what are the denominations of confucianism
ancient confucianism
secular humanism
neo- confucianism
who has the highest population of confucianism
South Korea
what does water mean in confucianism?
shui - source of life in china
5 classics of Confucianism
- Shu Ching - history
- Shih Ching - poetry
- I Ching - changes and divination
- Ch’un Ch’iu - spring and autumn annals
- Li Chi - ritual
4 books of confucianism
Lu Yu - analects/teaching
Chung Yung - doctrine
Ta Hsueh - great learning on peace
Meng Tzu - book of Mencius (disciple)
Authority in Confucianism
politics not priesthood
he who governs least, governs best
confucianism belief about education
foundation
six arts of disciplines of confucianism
- changes - developing spirituality secular and spiritual simultaneous
- poetry - shih - studying literature
- history - shu - learning from the past
- rituals - Li - paying back your ancestors
- music - yueh - influences many things
- spring and autumn - ch’un ch’iu civic or government
Who is the founder of Shinto?
the Japanese military
What does Shinto mean?
The way of the Gods
Who are the Gods in Shinto?
Izanagi - God of the Sky Amaterasu - goddess of the sun Tsuk Yomi - God of the moon Susano - storm god Izanami - the goddess of the earth
What are the 3 types of Kami?
- defied powers in nature
- clan ancestors
- the souls of celebrated or famous dead people
what does kamikaze mean?
divine wind - manifestation of Gods wind
where did kamikaze originate?
1300 when mongals were invading by ships and a big storm sunk all the ships
What is the purpose of life for Shinto?
appease the kami
celebrate the people, culture, land
What is Shintoism closely related to in Japan?
Patriotism
How is prayer done in shinto?
not vocal
bow deeply twice, clap twice, bow again
Holidays in Shinto?
Matursi - appease the kami
denominations in shinto
folk - culture
shrine - rites
sect - religion
national - patriotic
What is the Shinto doctrine of the next life?
none
When was Shinto the state religion of Japan?
1868 to WW2
scriptural canon of Shinto
record of ancient matters (712 ce)
chronicles of Japan (720 ce)
what is authority like in Shinto?
like ordinance workers, not monastics
View of Women in Shinto
teach they are equal
women do more than men to appease the kami
What is the Bushido military code? (7)
- gratitude and courage
- justice duty before desires
- truthfulness honesty
- politeness even to enemy
- never show feeling
- honor hara-kiri
- allegiance to country
Who was the Founder of Sikhism?
Guru Nanak
What is the nature of God in Sikhism?
inexpressible
personal
infinite
eternal
What are the name of God in Sikhism?
all steel, Guru, True name, one true name
What is the purpose of life in Sikhism
get off the wheel
how do you experience release in Sikhism?
shedding karma
What is the a core belief of Sikhism?
love God more than you love the world
Do sikhsim belive in transmigration or reincarnation
transmigration
what is the nature of heaven in Sikhism?
not as much a location as a state of mind
What is the way of the 3 S’s in sikhism?
service (seva)
Meditation (simran)
follow guidance of advanced teacher (sangat)
what does Sikh mean?
disciple
What is the nature of worship services in sikhism?
denounce the rites and rituals of other faiths
they become routine and not meaningful
what do Sikhs do at birth?
child to temple, first letter of page is first letter of kids name
marriage in sikhism
sometimes arranged, marriage is the Carriage to God
death in sikhism
mourning for 10 days - don’t over exaggerate sadness
how often are worship services in sikhism
everyday in India
usually Sunday outside of India
denominations of Sikhism
Singhs - defend the faith
Nanak - no contention
what is the miracle at Nanak’s death?
all the flowers were in bloom
what does guru mean
teacher
what are the 5 K’s in sikhism?
kesh- not cutting hair - don’t change how God made you
kangha- comb that holds hair - control mind and body
kachh/kacchera - underpants - chastity
kara - metal bracelet, right wrist - wedding ring to God
kirpan - dagger - stand against aggression
what does the khanda represent in sikhism ?
inner ring - god and truth are without beginning and end
two swords - spiritual and temporal power
double edge sword - prepare haslsa initiation
scriptural canon of sikhism
hymns mostly written by Nanak - read opened randomly, absolute reverence
10 important people of sikhism
Nanak - founder of sikhism
Angad - created sikhism script
amar das - collected hymns, instituted langar
ram das - began golden temple/ wedding hymn
arjan - completed golden temple
har gobind - introduce 2 sword, began resistance
har rai - health care to needy
har krishna - boy guru
tegh bahadur - fought emperor, feed poor, hymns
gobind singh - founded Khalsa - 2nd most important
dietary restrictions in sikhism
no alcohol
eat meat sparingly
view of women in sikhism
seen as equal, treated as such
3 major stages of sikhism
founding of the faith
period of persecution
founding of the Khalsa
aspects of the Khalsa
drink nectar be baptized join quorum monotheism no castes scriptures are sacred defend faith honest income tithing bro and sis no stealing no gambling no tobacco no alcohol marry in the faith repentance
who was the founder of Islam?
Mohamed
when was Mohamed born?
610 BC
what is Islam referred to as?
the religion of peace
when did Mohamed receive his revelations?
610-632 BC
what are the 3 holy sights for Islams
Mecca - birth place
Medina - where he is buried
Jerusalem - place of ascension
where was islam founded?
arabian peninsula
what is the nature of God in Islam
very monotheistic
What is God referred to in Islam
99 names which reveal his personality and nature
allah is the last name on your lips
what is the purpose of life in islam
submission - islam means to submit yourself to god
to serve allah
what is the nature of heaven in islam
a place with endless delights and pleasure
it will be what you found most beautiful in this life
music for musicians
what is the nature of hell for islam
fire to represent hell mostly boiling water
what is the path to paradise for islam
submitting to Allah’s laws
5 pillars
only allah knows who will go
what is the path to hell for islam
doing things that harm others
5 pillars of islam
shahada - witness of the faith salat - prayer zakat - almsgiving Hajj - pilgrimage to Mecca sawm - fasting
when is the sabbath for islam
friday - they don’t call it sabbath
denominations in islam
sunni - wanted abu baker to succeed Mohamed
- Mohameds father in law
shi’iah - wanted Ali to succeed Mohamed
- Mohamed son in law
sufis - muslim mystics looking for a spiritual experience
symbols of islam
crescent moon and star - dawning of new religious era
washing - refocus mind and heart on god
bow towards Mecca - oneness and unity
no depicting allah or Mohamed
scriptural canon of islam
Qur’an - only to recite
allah wrote it - translated by Mohamed
in arabic because that’s language god gave it in
how to respect the Quran
ritual washing before touching it
never let it touch the floor
don’t make it up
most recent revelation trumps old
dietary restriction of Islam
pork
intoxicants and drugs
no gambling
what does Jihad mean
struggle or striving to exert oneself in the service of allah
what is the root of each christian religion?
catholicism - judaism
Eastern Orthodox - west vs east (Constantinople)
Protestant - internal reform
5 Christian views of the nature of God
trinity - 1 god in 3 persons
tritheism - 3 separate gods worshipped equally
Monolatry - acknowledge other gods but worship one
Modalism - costume box
social trinitarianism - egg
Roman Catholic view of God
father, son, spirit are co equal, co eternal
holy spirit proceeds from father and/or son
Orthodox view of God
son and Holy Spirit are subordinate to the father
Holy Spirit proceeds from father only
protestant view of God
father, son, Holy Spirit are co equal and co eternal
holy spirit proceeds from the father and the son
how did christians come to believe this?
nicene creed
arius vs Alexander
st nicholas slapped arius
catholic view of the atonement
for everyone
orthodox view of the atonement
no official position on non christians
Protestant view of the atonement
only for christian professors
7 sacraments of catholicism
(first four are salvation) baptism confirmation eucharist penance and reconciliation holy unction holy order matrimony
7 sacraments of orthodox
baptism chrismation - annointment communion confession holy unction priesthood matrimony
sacrament for protestant
baptism
the lord’s supper
catholic view of baptism
infants
water poured onto head
orthodox view of baptism
infants
immersion 3 times
protestant view of baptism
adults - if at all
immersion
not salvific
Christian views of the sacrament
Catholic - transubstantiation
Orthodox - transubstantiation
Protestant - consubstantiation - doesn’t turn into body but does change you
Christian views of the cross
catholic - dead, victim, use crufix
orthodox - resurrected, victor, use cross with 3 bumps
protestant - empty, has overcome cross, use cross
what is genuflection
kneeling at the alter and make sing of the cross
what is iconography
religious pictures - not idolatry because they’re worshipping Jesus - 2D image
what is ichthus
fish
Christian scriptural canon
catholic - bible and apocrypha
orthodox - bible and apocrypha (deter canonical)
protestant - bible but downplay OT
Christian authority
catholic - apostolic succession
orthodox - apostolic succession
protestant - priesthood of all believers
christian views on celibacy
catholic - mandatory for holy orders except initiates
orthodox - mandatory for bishop and high clergy
protestant - unnecessary
Christian views on judgement day
catholic and orthodox - obedience and works - vehicle to grace
protestant - grace
