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Introduction to Archaeology > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Define assemblage, phase, component, and occupation

A

assemblage - a collection of artifacts of one or several classes of materials that come from a defined context such as a site, feature, or stratum (spatially limited, never regional)
phase - a series of components within a restricted geographical area sharing one or more distinctive archaeological types. spatially and temporally limited.
component - an archaeological unit consisting of stratum or set of strata that are presumed to be culturally homogeneous
occupation - an assemblage of cultural material resulting from one use of a site by a human group - or a series of very closely related uses that are archaeologically inseparable

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2
Q

What do the basic archaeological units consist of vs the integrative units?

A

archaeological units - assemblage, component, phase

integrative - horizon, tradition

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3
Q

quantifying animal remains. what do NISP, MNI, MNE, and MAU stand for?

A

NISP - number of identified specimens
MNI- minimum number of individuals
MNE - Minimum number of elements - like MNI but no sex or age
MAU - minimum number of animal units - sustenance

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4
Q

what are four ways to determine an animals age?

A
  1. dentition - tooth eruption, wear
  2. bones - epiphyseal fusion, size
  3. antler - number of tines
  4. horns - growth increments
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5
Q

what are the processes of plant domestication

A
  • larger seed/grain
  • reduced branching
  • loss or limit of seed dispersal
  • loss of seed dormancy
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6
Q

determining sex from human remains. what are the two most informative parts of the human skeleton for sex determination?

A
  1. pelvis
    - os coxae (ventral arc, subpubic concavity, medial aspect of ischiopubic ramus, greater sciatic notch)
  2. Skull
    - nuchal crest, mastoid process, supraorbital margin, supraorbital ridge, mental eminence)
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7
Q

Cranial sutures, pubic symphysis, and dental wear are used to determine the age of juveniles or adults?

A

adults

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8
Q

MATCH

  1. Vitamin C deficiency
  2. Vitamin D deficiency
  3. Iron deficiency

A. Rickets/Osteomalacia
B. Scurvy
C. Cribria Orbitalia/ Porotic Hyperostostis

A

1 - B
2 - A
3 - C

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9
Q

when physical trauma to the head is the cause of death what is it called? before and after death?

A

before - antemortem
cause - perimortem
after - post-mortem modification

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10
Q

what are the four hypotheses for social development and social systems? ICLA

A
  1. Irrigation hypothesis - Mesopotamia
  2. Circumscription - the idea that spatial geographic social structures create cooperative or competitive interactions
  3. long distance trade hypothesis - some sort of political elite that take control of craft specialization or exotic goods and trade
  4. Aggrandizer hypothesis - potlatch, gambling and sports
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11
Q

what are the differences between foragers and collectors

A

foragers
- low logistical and high demand residential mobility
- map onto resources through camp movement
- gather food on an encounter basis
- homogenous resource availability
collectors
- high logistical and low residential mobility
- obtain resources through specialized task groups
- store food for up to a year
- resources are spatially or temporally uneven

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12
Q

what is the Hopewell exchange

A
  • stylistic uniformity
  • exotic items traded over long distances
  • prosaic items traded locally
  • increasing complexity and sedentism
  • reciprocity
  • thicker ceramics
    native American northeast
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13
Q

what are 6 archaeological indicators of ritual?

A
  1. focusing on attention
  2. boundary maintenance with supernatural
  3. presence of deity or deities
  4. participation and offering
  5. archaeoastronomy
  6. cosmovison
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14
Q

4 problems with identifying religion in archaeology

A
  1. loci of religious activities may have other functions as well
  2. religious artifacts may have has secular uses as well
  3. religious archaeologists today may be biased
  4. over-interpretation of artifacts
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15
Q

describe foraging societies

A

small groups, often mobile, division of labour is by sex and age. no individual or group owns the land.

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16
Q

define pastoralism with emphasis on the difference between intensive and extensive pastoralism

A

Pastoralists depend on domesticated herd animals on natural pasture, with the division of labour by age and sex. intensive vs extensive, extensive is where minimal labour and money is put into the farms. community land ownership, private herd ownership.

17
Q

describe coastal and or fishing communities

A

most likely to be sedentary, and social inequality is more common than that of hunting and foraging societies.

18
Q

describe horticulture societies

A

shifting cultivation vs forestry. larger groups, semi-mobile, and more social inequality. horticulturists are similar in the social organization of pastoralists.

19
Q

What type of agriculture is described?

  • permanent fields
  • use of fertilizers
  • development of social inequality
A

intensive agriculture

20
Q

define the following: domestication and cultivation

A

domestication - a biological process that involves changes in the physical characteristics of plants and animals
cultivation - a cultural phenomenon that involves intentionally preparing fields, harvesting plants, and storing plant parts

21
Q

define agriculture and list what aspects have to be successful for it to work.

A

agriculture - the establishment of an artificial ecosystem in which selected species of plants and animals are cultivated and reared.

  • propagation
  • husbandry
  • harvesting/slaughtering
  • storage and maintenance
22
Q

list the 6 primary centers for agriculture and what they produced, in chronological order.

A
  1. Southwest Asia - Rye, barley, lentils, chickpeas, flax, pigs, and sheep
  2. East Asia - millet, pigs, and rice
  3. Sub-saharan Africa - rice, sorghum, cattle, and goats
  4. Mexico - gourds, squash, maize (dry central highlands, teosinte is ancient corn), dogs, turkeys, and honey bees
  5. South America - gourds, tomatoes, beans, potatoes, llama, guinea pigs, and alpaca
  6. North America - marsh elder and goosefoot
23
Q

Explain the Oasis hypothesis and Hilly flank hypothesis for agriculture and name the original author of each.

A

The Oasis hypothesis - Gordon Childe
- claimed that climate change heated the earth and made people flock to oases and therefore cultivate the vegetation surrounding the oasis
the hilly flanks hypothesis - Robert Braidwood
- domesticated species occur where the native ones are still present and that technology was ready to progress 10000 years ago. and that agriculture bring about more leisure time and more food security

24
Q

What hypotheses for the origins of agriculture is labelled below?
A - population growth meant more sedentary instances and the need to make more food under limited area and limited time.
B - the unintentional relationship between plants and humans including, incidental domestication, specialized domestication, and agricultural domestication where plants are completely reliant on people to reproduce.
C - Food plays a role in social occasions and with growing population and need to impress people needed to make more food more easily

A

A - Demographic theories - Lewis Binford
B - Evolution and intentionality - David Rindof
C - Feasting Hypothesis - Brian Hayden and Barbara Mender

25
Q

identify 3 components to cultural evolutionary models

A
  1. sedentism - shift from a nomadic lifestyle
  2. domestication - domesticated plants and animals
  3. social complexity - shift from egalitarian to social hierarchy
26
Q

what is the difference between city and territorial states

A

city-states: states developed around cities

territorial states: developed around territories such as rivers or basins

27
Q

what are some primary characteristics of civilization?

A
  • a concentration of surpluses
  • cities
  • class-based society
  • warfare
  • full-time specialization of labour
  • state organization with permanent governement institutions
28
Q

what are the secondary characteristics of civilization?

A
  • long-distance trade
  • standardized, monumental artwork
  • writing
  • arithmetic; geometry; astronomy
29
Q

what are the three factors to social complexity and their definitions?

A
  1. interdependency: social, economical, and political integration on different scales
  2. Heterarchy: informal forms of social organization that are arranged in a ranked manner
  3. hierarchy: structures of domination and division of labour
30
Q

Explain the Warfare and Agricultural surplus hypotheses for the rise of civilizations and the author of each.

A

Warfare Hypothesis - Robert Carneiro
- as communities grow conflict rises between leaders and war breaks out whether internally or externally. And therefore treaties and alliances are formed
The agricultural surplus hypothesis - Gordon Childe
- civilization is the direct result of farming and an increased division of labour.

31
Q

Name the hypotheses and who curated them:
A - early states are developed in areas where irrigation is needed for the success of crops and the control of that water led to bureaucracy and the rise of political powers.
B - Elites have control over what is imported and civilizations occur at important trade routes.

A

A - hydraulic hypothesis - Karl Wittfogel

B - Trade hypothesis - unknown

Introduction to Archaeology (3 decks)

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