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PSY 305 > FINAL > Flashcards

FINAL Flashcards

1
Q

What does cutaneous mean?

A

Cutaneous = anything related to the skin – involved in the somatosensory system

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2
Q

What are the three parts to the somatosensory system?

A

Cutaneous senses
Proprioception
Kinesthesis

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3
Q

What are Cutaneous Senses?

A

Perception of touch and pain from stimulation of skin

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4
Q

What is proprioception?

A

The ability to sense position of body and limbs

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5
Q

What is kinesthesis?

A

The ability to sense movement of body and limbs

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6
Q

What is the skin?

A

Skin – heaviest and largest organ in the body

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7
Q

What types of functions does the skin serve?

A

Warns us of danger

Protects us from bacteria

Helps keep our organs in the body

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8
Q

What are the structures of the skin?

A

Epidermis

Dermis

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9
Q

What is the epidermis?

A

Epidermis – outer layer of the skin (visible to us)

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10
Q

What is the dermis?

A

Dermis – below the epidermis

This is where mechanoreceptors live.

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11
Q

What are mechanoreceptors?

A

sensory receptors that respond to pressure, stretching, and vibration.

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12
Q

What are the two ways that neurons fire in the skin?

A

Slowly (SA) and Rapidly (RA) Adapting

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13
Q

What are slowly adapting (SA) receptors?

A

Slowly adapting (SA) receptors – continuous firing from pressure

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14
Q

What are rapidly adapting (RA) receptors?

A

– firing only occurs at the beginning and end of a pressure; no firing occurs in the middle

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15
Q

What are the two mechanoreceptors located near the epidermis?

A

MERKEL LIKE URKEL SA1

Meissner like WEISnER RA1

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16
Q

What is the Merkel

receptors (SA1)?

A

Slowly adapting receptor

Perceiving specific details of touch (e.g., dots for braille)

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17
Q

What are the Meissner corpuscles (RA1)?

A

Rapidly adapting receptor

Perceiving handgrip control (e.g., holding a pencil with entire hand)

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18
Q

What are cutaneous receptive fields?

A
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19
Q

What size are the cutaneous receptive fields for SA1 and RA1?

A
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20
Q

What are the two mechanoreceptors located deeper in the dermis?

A
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21
Q

What are Ruffini cylinders (SA2)?

A
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22
Q

What are Pacinian corpuscles (RA2 or PC)?

A
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23
Q

What size are the cutaneous receptive fields

for SA2 and RA2?

A
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24
Q

Know what the four mechanoreceptors perceive: Merkel receptors (SA1):

A
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25
Q

Know what the four mechanoreceptors perceive: Meissner corpuscles
(RA1)

A
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26
Q

Know what the four mechanoreceptors perceive: Ruffini cylinders (SA2),

A
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27
Q

Know what the four mechanoreceptors perceive: Pacinian corpuscles (RA2 or PC).

A
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28
Q

Know the neural pathway from the skin to the brain:

A
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29
Q

What are the two major pathways into the

spinal cord?

A
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30
Q

What information do the two major pathways carry?

A
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31
Q

What is the medial lemniscal pathway?

A
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32
Q

What is the spinothalamic pathway?

A
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33
Q

Where do the neurons fire after going from the two

pathways into the spinal cord?

A
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34
Q

What is the entrolateral nucleus of the thalamus?

A
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35
Q

What are the somatosensory cortices?

A
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36
Q

What is the parietal lobe?

A
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37
Q

What is the somatosensory cortex?

A
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38
Q

What is the homunculus?

A
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39
Q

How are parts of our bodies represented in the homunculus?

A
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40
Q

Why are there magnification in certain parts of the body and not others?

A
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41
Q

What is experience-dependent plasticity?

A
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42
Q

How does this process change one’s cortical

representation?

A
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43
Q

What is tactile acuity?

A
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44
Q

What are the two different ways of perceiving tactile acuity?

A
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45
Q

What is the two-point threshold?

A
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46
Q

What is rating acuity?

A
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47
Q

What does it mean by higher density in the Merkel

receptors?

A
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48
Q

What does it mean by high tactile acuity – what does it represent in terms of the size of the cutaneous receptive fields in the skin?

A
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49
Q

What is Pacinian corpuscle?

A
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50
Q

What does it help us to perceive?

A
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51
Q

What are corpuscles and how do the receptors fire during vibration?

A
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52
Q

What is surface texture?

A
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53
Q

What is the duplex theory of texture perception?

A
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54
Q

What are spatial cues?

A
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55
Q

What are temporal cues?

A
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56
Q

What is the difference between active and passive touch?

A
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57
Q

What is haptic perception?

A
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58
Q

What is psychophysical research?

A
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59
Q

How long does it take for people to identify objects accurately?

A
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60
Q

What is the sensory system?

A
61
Q

What is the motor system?

A
62
Q

What is the cognitive system?

A
63
Q

What is pain? What is its function?

A
64
Q

What are the three different types of pain?

A
65
Q

What is inflammatory pain?

A
66
Q

What is neuropathic pain?

A
67
Q

What is nociceptive pain?

A
68
Q

What are nociceptors?

A
69
Q

What is the direct pathway model of pain?

A
70
Q

What are some problems with this model?

A
71
Q

Describe what phantom limb is!

A
72
Q

What is the gate control model?

A
73
Q

How does this model work?

A
74
Q

What are the three pathways for activating the gate control system?

A
75
Q

What are mechanoreceptors?

A
76
Q

What is the central

control?

A
77
Q

What are the four cognitive ways of influencing pain?

A
78
Q

What is expectation?

A
79
Q

What is shifting attention?

A
80
Q

What is content of emotional distraction?

A
81
Q

What hypnotic suggestion?

A
82
Q

What is the multimodal nature of pain?

A
83
Q

Define sensory and

affective

A
84
Q

What are opioids?

A
85
Q

How do chemicals in the brain affect pain perception?

A
86
Q

Why do we have opiate receptors?

A
87
Q

What is empathy?

A
88
Q

What part of the brain is associated with people feeling a sense of pain when watching someone else experiencing pain?

A
89
Q

What is the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)?

A
90
Q

What is gustation?

A
91
Q

What is olfaction?

A
92
Q

How are these two senses “gatekeepers” of the body?

A
93
Q

How long do your taste and olfactory receptors live and die?

A
94
Q

salty, sour, sweet, bitter, umami.

A
95
Q

What is the function of the taste system?

A
96
Q

Is there always a perfect connection between taste and effect of substance?

A
97
Q

What are papillae?

A
98
Q

What are the four categories of papillae?

A
99
Q

filiform papillae

A
100
Q

fungiform papillae

A
101
Q

foliate papillae

A
102
Q

circumvilliate papillae

A
103
Q

Where are taste buds located in the tongue?

A
104
Q

How many taste buds are there in the tongue?

A
105
Q

In each taste bud, how many taste cells are there?

A
106
Q

What do the tips of the taste cells identify?

A
107
Q

How does transduction work for taste?

A
108
Q

Where do the taste cells send electrical signals to in the nerves going towards the brain?

A
109
Q

horda tympani nerve,

A
110
Q

Glossopharyngeal nerve

A
111
Q

vagus nerve

A
112
Q

superficial petronasal nerve

A
113
Q

Where do electrical signals from the tongue, mouth, and throat travel through to the brain?

A
114
Q

nucleus of the solitary tract

A
115
Q

What is the difference between population coding and specificity coding?

A
116
Q

What are PTC and PROP?

A
117
Q

What do they show regarding tasters, nontasters, and supertasters?

A
118
Q

What is olfaction?

A
119
Q

What function does olfaction serve?

A
120
Q

What is the difference between

macrosmatic and microsmatic smell?

A
121
Q

What are pheromones?

A
122
Q

What has research shown regarding pheromones?

A
123
Q 
What is isolated 
congenital anosmia (ICA)?
A
124
Q

What is anosmia?

A
125
Q

How many different odors can humans discriminate?

A
126
Q

What is the difference between identifying and naming odors?

A
127
Q

What are the two stages of perceiving odor?

A
128
Q

Describe the olfactory process

A
129
Q

Where do odor molecules enter?

A
130
Q

What does the olfactory mucosa contain that is important for odor chemicals to be carried as
electrical signals to the brain (transduction)?

A
131
Q

What do the olfactory receptor neurons (ORN)

have?

A
132
Q

How many different types of olfactory receptors do we have?

A
133
Q

For each of these different receptors, how many neurons represent those receptors?

A
134
Q

What are the glomeruli?

A
135
Q

Where are they located?

A
136
Q

What type of mapping does the olfactory bulb construct?

A
137
Q

Where do neurons (glomeruli) fire from the olfactory bulb?

A
138
Q

What are odor objects?

A
139
Q

Describe the process of how people are able to form representations of odor objects – where are neural patterns of odor established in the brain?

A
140
Q

What is flavor?

A
141
Q

What is the retronasal route?

A
142
Q

How is this route involved in identifying flavors?

A
143
Q

What is oral capture?

A
144
Q

What brain area is important for taste and olfaction to detect flavor and perceptually
represent food?

A
145
Q

What are bimodal neurons and where are they located?

A
146
Q

What are two influences of flavor?

A
147
Q

What is the Proust effect?

A
148
Q

What brain areas are activated in the Proust effect?

A

PSY 305 (2 decks)

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