FINAL Flashcards
What does cutaneous mean?
Cutaneous = anything related to the skin – involved in the somatosensory system
What are the three parts to the somatosensory system?
Cutaneous senses
Proprioception
Kinesthesis
What are Cutaneous Senses?
Perception of touch and pain from stimulation of skin
What is proprioception?
The ability to sense position of body and limbs
What is kinesthesis?
The ability to sense movement of body and limbs
What is the skin?
Skin – heaviest and largest organ in the body
What types of functions does the skin serve?
Warns us of danger
Protects us from bacteria
Helps keep our organs in the body
What are the structures of the skin?
Epidermis
Dermis
What is the epidermis?
Epidermis – outer layer of the skin (visible to us)
What is the dermis?
Dermis – below the epidermis
This is where mechanoreceptors live.
What are mechanoreceptors?
sensory receptors that respond to pressure, stretching, and vibration.
What are the two ways that neurons fire in the skin?
Slowly (SA) and Rapidly (RA) Adapting
What are slowly adapting (SA) receptors?
Slowly adapting (SA) receptors – continuous firing from pressure
What are rapidly adapting (RA) receptors?
– firing only occurs at the beginning and end of a pressure; no firing occurs in the middle
What are the two mechanoreceptors located near the epidermis?
MERKEL LIKE URKEL SA1
Meissner like WEISnER RA1
What is the Merkel
receptors (SA1)?
Slowly adapting receptor
Perceiving specific details of touch (e.g., dots for braille)
What are the Meissner corpuscles (RA1)?
Rapidly adapting receptor
Perceiving handgrip control (e.g., holding a pencil with entire hand)
What are cutaneous receptive fields?
What size are the cutaneous receptive fields for SA1 and RA1?
What are the two mechanoreceptors located deeper in the dermis?
What are Ruffini cylinders (SA2)?
What are Pacinian corpuscles (RA2 or PC)?
What size are the cutaneous receptive fields
for SA2 and RA2?
Know what the four mechanoreceptors perceive: Merkel receptors (SA1):
Know what the four mechanoreceptors perceive: Meissner corpuscles
(RA1)
Know what the four mechanoreceptors perceive: Ruffini cylinders (SA2),
Know what the four mechanoreceptors perceive: Pacinian corpuscles (RA2 or PC).
Know the neural pathway from the skin to the brain:
What are the two major pathways into the
spinal cord?
What information do the two major pathways carry?
What is the medial lemniscal pathway?
What is the spinothalamic pathway?
Where do the neurons fire after going from the two
pathways into the spinal cord?
What is the entrolateral nucleus of the thalamus?
What are the somatosensory cortices?
What is the parietal lobe?
What is the somatosensory cortex?
What is the homunculus?
How are parts of our bodies represented in the homunculus?
Why are there magnification in certain parts of the body and not others?
What is experience-dependent plasticity?
How does this process change one’s cortical
representation?
What is tactile acuity?
What are the two different ways of perceiving tactile acuity?
What is the two-point threshold?
What is rating acuity?
What does it mean by higher density in the Merkel
receptors?
What does it mean by high tactile acuity – what does it represent in terms of the size of the cutaneous receptive fields in the skin?
What is Pacinian corpuscle?
What does it help us to perceive?
What are corpuscles and how do the receptors fire during vibration?
What is surface texture?
What is the duplex theory of texture perception?
What are spatial cues?
What are temporal cues?
What is the difference between active and passive touch?
What is haptic perception?
What is psychophysical research?
How long does it take for people to identify objects accurately?
What is the sensory system?
What is the motor system?
What is the cognitive system?
What is pain? What is its function?
What are the three different types of pain?
What is inflammatory pain?
What is neuropathic pain?
What is nociceptive pain?
What are nociceptors?
What is the direct pathway model of pain?
What are some problems with this model?
Describe what phantom limb is!
What is the gate control model?
How does this model work?
What are the three pathways for activating the gate control system?
What are mechanoreceptors?
What is the central
control?
What are the four cognitive ways of influencing pain?
What is expectation?
What is shifting attention?
What is content of emotional distraction?
What hypnotic suggestion?
What is the multimodal nature of pain?
Define sensory and
affective
What are opioids?
How do chemicals in the brain affect pain perception?
Why do we have opiate receptors?
What is empathy?
What part of the brain is associated with people feeling a sense of pain when watching someone else experiencing pain?
What is the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)?
What is gustation?
What is olfaction?
How are these two senses “gatekeepers” of the body?
How long do your taste and olfactory receptors live and die?
salty, sour, sweet, bitter, umami.
What is the function of the taste system?
Is there always a perfect connection between taste and effect of substance?
What are papillae?
What are the four categories of papillae?
filiform papillae
fungiform papillae
foliate papillae
circumvilliate papillae
Where are taste buds located in the tongue?
How many taste buds are there in the tongue?
In each taste bud, how many taste cells are there?
What do the tips of the taste cells identify?
How does transduction work for taste?
Where do the taste cells send electrical signals to in the nerves going towards the brain?
horda tympani nerve,
Glossopharyngeal nerve
vagus nerve
superficial petronasal nerve
Where do electrical signals from the tongue, mouth, and throat travel through to the brain?
nucleus of the solitary tract
What is the difference between population coding and specificity coding?
What are PTC and PROP?
What do they show regarding tasters, nontasters, and supertasters?
What is olfaction?
What function does olfaction serve?
What is the difference between
macrosmatic and microsmatic smell?
What are pheromones?
What has research shown regarding pheromones?
What is isolated congenital anosmia (ICA)?
What is anosmia?
How many different odors can humans discriminate?
What is the difference between identifying and naming odors?
What are the two stages of perceiving odor?
Describe the olfactory process
Where do odor molecules enter?
What does the olfactory mucosa contain that is important for odor chemicals to be carried as
electrical signals to the brain (transduction)?
What do the olfactory receptor neurons (ORN)
have?
How many different types of olfactory receptors do we have?
For each of these different receptors, how many neurons represent those receptors?
What are the glomeruli?
Where are they located?
What type of mapping does the olfactory bulb construct?
Where do neurons (glomeruli) fire from the olfactory bulb?
What are odor objects?
Describe the process of how people are able to form representations of odor objects – where are neural patterns of odor established in the brain?
What is flavor?
What is the retronasal route?
How is this route involved in identifying flavors?
What is oral capture?
What brain area is important for taste and olfaction to detect flavor and perceptually
represent food?
What are bimodal neurons and where are they located?
What are two influences of flavor?
What is the Proust effect?
What brain areas are activated in the Proust effect?
