Final Flashcards
The plantar fascia is a strap of connective tissue that connects the ______to the _____
calcaneus, toes
The plantar fascia and calcaneal tendon both have attachments on the ______
calcaneus
The two heads of the gastrocnemius and the soleus blend into the calcaneal tendon, a grouping of muscles referred to as the:
triceps surae
The worst of the pain is often felt in the________, when passive extension of the toes increases tensile stress in the plantar fascia.
push-off phase of gait
Pain is often most intense near the _______ of the plantar fascia.
calcaneal attachment
Symptoms are felt most frequently:
with the first steps after rest
Pain may also be felt while standing, when bearing weight increases ______ in the plantar fascia.
tensile stress
Standing on the toes involves ________ of the ankle, which shortens the calcaneal tendon, and ________ of the toes, which stresses the plantar fascia.
plantar flexion, passive extension
Tension in the plantar fascia increases stress on the periosteum of its small bony attachment on the calcaneus which may result in the development of _________.
bone spurs
Injured plantar fascia repairs itself by producing:
scars
Plantar fascia has an ample blood supply
False
_______of the toes may cause pain when this action stretches the plantar fascia.
active and passive extension
When plantar flexors are tight and contribute to plantar fasciitis, __________ may be restricted, cause pain, and/or reveal weakness.
active, passive,and resisted dorsiflexion
When treating plantar fasciitis in the prone position, it is best avoid using a bolster under the ankles in order to encourage passive plantar flexion.
False
______ describes the function of plantar fascia when extending the toes puts tension on the fascia, which shortens the arch and creates a spring.
windless mechanism
A sprain is a(n) ________ injury to a ligament.
overstretch
Ligaments function to do all but which of the following:
produce ROM
A ligament is only functional
under tensile stress
The collagen fibers in ligaments are _______ to allow lengthening without causing damage.
crimped
As tension increases more ligament fibers lengthen, the ligament stiffens to resist the stretch, and energy is absorbed. This is referred to as ______
creep
If the position of a joint is repeatedly altered due to poor body mechanics or is constantly altered when tight muscles prevent the joint from maintaining an ideal posture, the ligament may _______ to adapt to the postural deviation.
deform
Injury to a ligament often initiates an inflammatory response which, in the acute stage, ______ the healing process.
aids
_________ develops during the healing process of a sprain.
scar tissue
When a ligament is injured, neurological signals activate _______ to stabilize the joint.
reflexive muscle activity
Damage to a ligament also affects its _____________, affecting proprioception.
nerve endings
The most common cause of sprain is a __________ that stretches the ligament beyond its capacity.
swift, high-impact movement
Which of the following does not increase the risk of a sprain:
a gradual reconditioning
To aid collagen regeneration and increase stability:
perform sensible activity followed by rest
During pregnancy, women also produce higher levels of the hormone relaxin, which _______ collagen and ______ the ligaments, increasing the risk of sprain.
softens, loosens
On palpation, the site of injury may be tender in:
the subacute, the acute and the chronic stage
What is the best description of a fissure?
crack
What is the best description of an ulcer?
sore with dead tissue that doesn’t heal normally
What is the best description of the skin?
a three layered membrane separating the interior from the exterior of the body
Which is the list of animal parasites?
crabs, head lice, mites
What is the best description of scabies mites?
tiny animals that build tunnel in the epidermis
What is a synonym for fungal infection of the skin?
ringworm
The symptoms caused by head lice are from
the lice’s saliva, which creates an inflammatory reaction
Tinea corporis usually looks like -
scaly red rings that are pale in the middle, on the trunk or extremities
Your client has active athlete’s foot that is itchy and dry, and he wants a foot massage.What is your best choice?
Work on his feet wearing gloves or throught the sheet to prevent the risk of infection
Which is the best definition of a staph infection of the skin?
a cutaneous infection with coccal bacteria that usually causes pu-filled vesicles
When we swallow, food moves from the mouth to the
esophagus
What is the best description of celiac disease?
a condition in which intestinal villi are flattened in response to exposure to gliadin
What is a typical early symptom of esophageal cancer?
nothing: this disease is usually silent until later stages
What is the best description of gastroenteritis?
inflammation of the stomach and small intestine brought about by infection
What is the best description of diverticular disease?
the gatrointestinal tract, usually in the colon, develops pouches that may become infected
What is the best description of liver cancer?
cancer that originates in the liver
What is the best description of pancreatitis?
any inflammation of the pancreas
What are the signs and symptoms of thrush?
painless white lesions in the mouth
Your client ate at a restaurant where an outbreak of hepatitis A was traced. She has no symptoms and she is nervous as she anticipates going for a gamma globulin shot, as recommended by the health department. She would like to receive her regularly scheduled massage before her doctor’s appointment. What is your best option?
work with her, but her abdominal massage should be only light touch
Your 38 year old client reports sharp stabbing pain at the midline of the right costal angle. She also has a sharp pain between her scapulae, which is a new pattern for her. She would like to receive a massage for her back pain, but she isn’t sure she can make it through an hour without flinching from her abdominal pain. What is your best option?
recommend that she reschedule her massage and tell her that she needs to pursue these symptoms with her doctor as soon as possible
Muscles innervated by the sciatic nerve include all but which of the following:
rectus femoris
The symptoms of piriformis syndrome include all but which of the following:
lateral rotation of the hip
symptoms include: low back pain, pain in the gluteal area, hip pain
When the sciatic nerve is compressed by the piriformis muscle, radiating pain, numbness and tingling may be felt
along the posterior thigh, calf and foot
________ lateral rotation of the hip , which contracts piriformis, may intensify symptoms
active
________ piriformis syndrome refers to an absence of symptoms of numbness and tingling
non-neurogenic
Sitting, walking and climbing stairs
often worsen symptoms
Activities of daily living that stretch piriformis often
increase symptoms
The further piriformis syndrome progresses, the greater is the chance that the nerves will become
damaged
Impaired proprioception and weakness may case difficulty dorsiflexing the ankle, also called
drop foot
Chronic piriformis syndrome may lead to edema in the lower leg and pale, cool, or dry skin of the buttocks and leg.
true
The piriformis muscle is the ______ lateral rotator of the hip.
biggest
The piriformis attaches to the
anterior surface of the sacrum and superior aspect of the greater trochanter
Which of the following is not a common contributing factor for piriformis syndrome
wearing a tight belt around the waist
Trigger points in piriformis refer ____________
into the gluteal area and down the posterior thigh
Self-care for piriformis syndrome includes__________
stretching the piriformis
Patellofemoral syndrome refers generally to anterior knee pain primarily due to Improper tracking of the _____ over the _____.
patella, femur
The knee joint contains _____ articulations.
2
Muscles that move the knee include all but which of the following:
soleus
Muscles that move the knee include all but which of the following:
femur, tibia
The patella is rooted in the ____________ and stabilized inferiorly by the ________?
You Answered
quadriceps tendon/patellar tendon
The distal fibers of ________ run obliquely, offering ideal resistance to a lateral pull on the patella.
vastus medialis
The most common symptom of patellofemoral syndrome is
pain at the interior knee
Patellofemoral pain is usually most intense with
weight-bearing extension of the knee
Tight _______which have distal tissues that blend into the lateral patellar retinaculum, also increase lateral pull on the patella.
vastus lateralis or iliotibial band
When treating myofascial tissues, do not ______those that are already _______.
lengthen, stretched
Which of the following muscles does not attach at the pes anserine:
biceps femoris
Active extension of the knee may be restricted when the quadriceps are _____ and the hamstrings are ________.
weak, tight
When palpating, you may find all but which of the following with patellofemoral syndrome
lack of hair growth
When flexion of the knee is involved in patellofemoral syndrome, the gastrocnemius will likely be
short and tight
When initiating treatment, if you find swelling at the knee,
apply draining strokes toward the nearest lymph nodes
What structure controls most of endocrine system function?
the hypothalamus
The fluctuation of glucagon, that adds sugar to the bloodstream when we are hungry, and insulin, that lowers sugar in the bloodstream when we’ve eaten is an example of a
negative feedback
What is the best description of diabetes mellitus?
a group of conditions that lead to hyperglycemia
What is the best description of hyperthyroidism?
the thyroid gland produces too much metabolism-stimulating hormones
What is the best description of metabolic syndrome?
a group of problems that together raise the risk for some serious but preventable diseases
What is the best description of thyroid cancer?
any type of cancer that originates in the thyroid gland
Signs and symptoms of thyroid cancer include
problems breathing, hoarseness, dysphagia
the signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism include
weight gain, fatigue, sluggish digestion
The adrenal glands secrete several hormones. Two of them are involved in responses to the perception of threat. They are
cortisol and norepinephrine
What is the most common cancer diagnosis in the United States?
skin cancer
Which viruses are associated with cancer risk?
Human papilloma virus (HPV), HIV, Epstein-Barr virus, hepatitis B, hepatitis C
This cancer treatment option uses drugs that kill fast-growing cells. What is this called?
chemotherapy
When a cancer patient undergoes exposure to high energy rays to kill or slow tumor growth, this is called
radiation therapy
Some cancer strategies involve using immune system agents that have been trained or manipulated to be especially aggressive against cancer cells. These strategies are collectively know as
biologic therapy
When a person treats her cancer with chemotherapy, what are some treatment-related cautions for massage therapy?
Bone marrow suppression; hand foot syndrome, neuropathy, toxic expression through the skin
What are appropriate modifications for a client who has an undiagnosed lump?
bring it to your client’s attention, avoid the area and encourage your client to discuss it with his doctor before you work together again
What are appropriate modifications for a client who has a subclavian port?
locally avoid the devise; be sure the client is positioned comfortably and the equipment is not impeded
Massage therapy appears to have many benefits to offer cancer patients. Research suggests that massage therapy can
improve mood, reduce anxiety and depression, alleviate pain
What is the technical term for a substance that is known to contribute to cancer risk?
carcinogen
the major signs of diabetes include
hunger, thirst, frequent urination
What is the best description of hyperthyroidism?
the thyroid gland produces too much metabolism-stimulating hormones
What is the best description of metabolic syndrome?
a group of problems that together raise the risk for some serious but preventable diseases
What is the best description of thyroid cancer?
any type of cancer that originates in the thyroid gland
Compression of the nerves of the brachial plexus
slow transmission of impulses
The thoracic outlet is the space between
the posterior neck and axilla
Compression of the arteries or veins of the brachial plexus
causes swelling of the arm
Double crush refers to
compression at more than one site along a peripheral nerve
The two kyphotic curves of the spine, ________, arc posteriorly.
thoracic and pelvic
The two lordotic curves of the spine, _________, arc anteriorly.
cervical and lumbar
The most common symptom of developing lumbar hyper lordosis is
low back pain
Muscles that are commonly short and tight in hyperlordosis include
iliopsoas, quadratus lumborum, rectus abdominis
The primary contributing factor to functional lumbar hyperlordosis is __________.
poor posture
With thoracic outlet syndrome, hypertonicity and trigger points are commonly found in the:
scalenes, subclavius, pectoralis minor
Referral patterns for trigger points in all but which of the following muscles can be confused with symptoms of thoracic outlet syndrome:
serratus posterior inferior
Increased fluid and postural changes during ___________ may contribute to signs and symptoms of thoracic outlet syndrome.
pregnancy
If you suspect an undiagnosed systemic condition is contributing to the signs and symptoms of thoracic outlet syndrome:
refer the client to a healthcare provider
Untreated _________ may lead to loss of muscle tone in the affected hand and arm
reduced innervation
Signs and symptoms of neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome may include all but which of the following:
pale or bluish skin of the hand
The referral pattern for trigger points in which muscle produces low back pain:
iliopsoas
Muscles that are commonly overstretched in hyperlordosis include all but which of the following:
quadratus lumborum
_________ assesses shortened hip flexors.
Thomas test
Resisted ___________ of the thorax may be reduced when the abdominals are weak.
flexion
Active ___________ of the hip may be reduced when iliopsoas and rectus femoris are short, adhered and contain trigger points.
extension
A client who frequently stands with their weight on the same leg is likely to present with all but which of the following:
posterior pelvic tilt
Signs and symptoms of vascular thoracic outlet syndrome may include all but which of the following:
hypertonic thenar muscles
___________ often intensifies symptoms of thoracic outlet syndrome.
raising the arm above the head
A small percentage of people have a cervical rib, a bony prominence that emerges from
the transverse process of C7
The main difference between hyperkyphosis and thoracic outlet syndrome is:
thoracic outlet syndrome involves symptoms related to the compression of nerves and vessels
When the abdominal muscles are weak, the erector spinae may fatigue from long term, _____________ in an attempt to keep the posture erect.
involuntary contraction
Which of the following is an endangerment site when treating hyperlordosis:
femoral artery
Which of the following is not a caution or contraindication for treating hyperlordosis?
scar tissue
Scoliosis may contribute to thoracic outlet syndrome
true
Manual therapy may reverse the dysfunction caused by a structural postural imbalance.
true
What structure lies between the nose and the pharynx?
sinuses
What is the best description of the act of inhalation?
air rushes in to fill a vacuum created by thoracic muscles
Acute bronchitis is usually
a complication of cold or flu
What is the best description of pneumonia?
an infection that causes inflammation of the lungs
What is true about chronic bronchitis?
it is progressive, irreversible disorder
Signs and symptoms of chronic bronchitis are -
subtle with a slow onset, easy to ignore in early stages
What is the best description of bladder cancer?
growth of malignant cells in the urinary bladder
What is the list of symptoms of renal failure?
reduced urine output, pruritis, headache
What is true about acute pyelonephritis?
it is usually a complication of a urinary tract infection
A person with polycystic kidney disease has an increased risk of developing -
cardiovascular disease
What is the best description of renal failure?
the kidneys cannot keep up with the body’s demands
What does “emphysema” mean?
inflated
What is the best description of asthma?
an airway disorder triggered by environmental irritants and emotional stress
What organisms can cause an infection in the sinuses?
bacteria, viruses, fungi
This is the most common form of tuberculosis and it also has the best prognosis if medication is taken as prescribed. What is it?
drug-susceptible TB
The cause of most urinary tract infections is -
E. coli infection
What connects the kidneys to the bladder?
Ureters
What is the component found in the most common type of kidney stone?
Calcium
What is the best description of polycystic kidney disease?
A genetic anomaly that causes hollow pockets in the kidneys
What structures connects the kidneys to the urinary bladder?
ureters
Another word for “shaft” of a long bone is…
diaphysis
What is the best description of Wolff’s law?
Bone is living tissue and responds to forces put upon it
What is the function of osteoblasts and osteoclasts?
They help to shape bones by adding to or taking away calcium deposits
The layer of connective tissue that wraps around a single myofiber is called
Endomysium
A bundle of muscle fibers is called…
fascicle
The outermost layer of connective tissue around a muscle is called…
Epimysium
What is the best definition of a spasm or cramp?
An involuntary contraction of a voluntary muscle
Cramping in athletes during or after an event can often be related to…
Dyhydration , electrolyte imbalance, and neurologic overstimulation
What is the best definition of a strain?
An injury to a muscle
What is the best description of osteoporosis?
The balance between calcium absorption, calcium loss, and bone density maintenance is upset
An over exaggerated thoracic curve is also called?
Hyperkyphosis
Who is most likely to have frozen shoulder?
Middle-aged women
What is the best description of a baker cyst?
A bulge in the joint capsule at the posterior aspect of the knee
This type of inflammatory arthritis is related to the formation of microscopic crystals that irritate joint capsules from the outside. What is it?
Gout
Which is the best description of gout?
Hyperuricemia leads to the production of damaging crystals in and around joint capsules
How is the pain associated with gout frequently described?
Hot, swollen, exquisite pain
Which joints are most frequently surgically replaced?
Hips, shoulders, knees
What is another term for ALS?
Lou Gehrig disease
Why is ALS often a painful condition?
Muscle spasms, constipation, and the collapse of the body can be painful
What is the best description of Parkinson disease?
A movement disorder involving the progressive degeneration of nerve tissue and a reduction i dopamine production in the CNS
Carpal tunnel syndrome occurs when the __________ is compressed.
median nerve
The carpal tunnel is a small space in the wrist between
the carpal bones and the flexor retinaculum
Which of the following muscles is not innervated by the median nerve
flexor carpi ulnaris
Carpal tunnel symptoms include numbness and tingling in the
thumb, index finger, middle finger and half of the ring finger
In the early stages, symptoms typically occur
with movement
Sleeping with the wrists _______ can intensify symptoms and wake the person.
flexed
With ________________, muscles may become weak, reducing strength and fine motor skills.
reduced innervation
A client diagnosed with carpal tunnel syndrome often wears a ________ to keep the wrist immobilized
splint
Untreated, carpal tunnel syndrome may result in atrophy of the
thenar muscles
The client will likely be resistant to ________ if this produces symptoms during activities of daily living.
full, active flexion of the wrist
Resisted extension of the wrist may reveal:
weak wrist extensors
To test for compression of the median nerve at the carpal tunnel using Phalen’s maneuver, apply
full passive flexion of the wrist
The median nerve may also be compressed beneath _______, producing symptoms similar to carpal tunnel syndrome.
pronator teres
At the forearm, you may find the:
wrist flexors short and hypertonic and the extensors weak and taut
People whose work or activities of daily living involve vibration are prone to carpal tunnel syndrome.
True
Increased _______ is the primary cause of muscle strains.
tensile stress
______ of a compromised muscle is a common cause of strains.
eccentric contraction
The most common site of strain is at or near the
musculotendinous junction
As a muscle approaches its maximum length, muscle spindles initiate a _______ to resist further stretching by activating or tensing the stretched fibers.
reflex response
Following injury, when _______ develops, the shape of the muscle is altered and the function of the affected fibers is impeded.
scar tissue
When a muscle is hypertonic, in spasm, or contains trigger points, it may be less capable of ______ to accommodate a(n) _______ contraction.
lengthening, eccentric
In the acute stage of sprain, use only ________
active ROM
The basic goals for treating muscle strains include all but which of the following:
stretching weak muscles
Significant swelling that occurred within 20 minutes of injury may indicate a greater risk of _____ and requires _______.
hematoma, medical attention
Passive ROM of the affected joint will likely cause pain when the muscle is _________
lengthened
It is important to reduce reflexive muscle spasm and splinting in the earliest stages of injury.
False
With a mild strain, the client cannot continue with activity.
False
In the acute stage of a moderate strain, you may feel a gap at the site of injury.
True
In the chronic stage of a severe strain, bruising is still visible.
False
As time passes, scar tissue
becomes denser
