Exam 4

Question 1

What are the connections for the plantar fascia strap

Answer 1

Calcaneus and toes

Question 2

Where does the plantar fascia and the calcaneal tendon attach to.

Answer 2

Calcaneus

Question 3

What are the triceps surae

Answer 3

Where the two heads of the gastrocnemius and the soleus blend into the calcaneal tendon.
They attach to the tuberosity of the posterior calcaneus by way of the calcaneal tendon

Question 4

Where the most pain is felt with plantar fasciitis while examining the gait

Answer 4

The push-off phase of the gait, when passive extension of the toes increases tensile stress in the plantar fascia.

Question 5

Pain for plantar fasciitis is most intense near what attachment?

Answer 5

The calcaneal attachment of the plantar fascia where tearing is most likely to occur.

Question 6

What is tensile stress

Answer 6

Related to a force that wants to pull material apart or stretch it.

Question 7

When are symptoms of plantar fasciitis most felt?

Answer 7

Most frequently with the first steps in the morning or after rest. During periods of inactivity, the tissue is healing and becomes contracted and less flexible, making the first steps after rest very painful.

Question 8

What action will stress the plantar fascia while standing on the toes.

Answer 8

Plantar flexion of the ankle, which shortens the calcaneal tendon, and passive extension to the toes, which adds tensile stress to the plantar fascia.

Question 9

What are bone spurs and how do they develop?

Answer 9

When the integrity of the plantar fascia is compromised, this action may cause pain, swelling, or tearing of fibers. In all of the cases described above, tension in the plantar fascia increases stress on the periosteum of its small bony attachment on the calcaneus, pulling the tissue away from the bone, which may result in the development of bone spurs.

Question 10

How injured plantar fascia repairs itself.

Answer 10

During periods of rest

Question 11

Does the plantar fasciitis have a blood supply

Answer 11

A very limited supply.

Question 12

What action causes pain when stretching the plantar fascia?

Answer 12

Weight gain

Question 13

Where plantar fasciitis is concerned, what action will cause pain and weakness.

Answer 13

Active extension of the toes (pain); Passive dorsiflexion of the ankle (pain); passive extension of the toes(pain); resisted dorsiflexion of the ankle (weakenss)

Question 14

Treatment position for patient with plantar fasciitis

Answer 14

Begin in the prone position with the ankles bolstered to reduce passive flexion of the ankle

Question 15

What is a sprain

Answer 15

LISP - Ligament = Sprain
An overstretch injury to a ligament
BBL - Bone:Bone=Ligament

Question 16

What is the windlass mechanism

Answer 16

The plantar fascia simulates a cable attached to the calcaneus and the metatarsophalangeal joints.
Dorsiflexion during the propulsive phase of gait winds the plantar fascia around the head of the metatarsals. This shortens the distance between the calcaneus and the metatarsals, and results in elevation of the medial longitudinal arch. The plantar fascia shortening that results from hallux dorsiflexion is the essence of the windlass mechanism principle

Question 17

Function of a ligament

Answer 17

They function to stabilize joints, restrict excessive movement, and prevent the movement of a joint in a direction that may cause injury.

Question 18

When is a ligaments function passive?

Answer 18

when it is compressed during a movement

Question 19

what is crimping related to a ligament

Answer 19

collagen fibers in ligaments are crimped to allow lengthening without causing damage. When the tensile load increases, the collagen fibers begin to uncrimp, and the ligament lengthens

Question 20

What is CREEP

Answer 20

When tension increases and more collagen fibers uncrimp, the ligament will stiffen to resist the stretch and absorb energy.

Question 21

Ligament deformation

Answer 21

When the tensile load that lengthens/shortens a ligament is constant/repetitive/chronic, the ligament may change into a shape that is less effective for preventing movements that may cause injury and conversely adapt to a shape that enables a postural deviation.

Question 22

When a ligament is injured, in the acute stage how does the body respond?

Answer 22

Inflammation. Rest.

Question 23

When is scar tissue developed in a sprain?

Answer 23

During the healing process of a ligament injury. It has inferior biomechanical function and stability; thus under tensile stress can only bear a fraction of the load that a healthy ligament can.

Question 24

What is reflexive muscle activity and what is it’s role when a ligament is injured?

Answer 24

Neurological signals activate this response to stabilize the joint. It can cause a contraction on one side of the joint near the damaged ligament to compensate for the lost stability while a reflexive inhibition my develop to keep opposing muscles from contracting intensely enough to pull the weakened joint out of place and further damage the ligament.

Question 25

When a ligament is damaged, what does it affect?

Answer 25

Its mechanoreceptors and nerve endings, affecting proprioception, altering the client's perception of the normal position and function of the joint.

Question 26

What is the most common cause of a sprain?

Answer 26

A swift, high-impact movement that stretches the ligament beyond its capacity. (Can occur in high-impact physical activities; but also when the ligament has been weakened as a result of systemic disorders, deconditioning, or repetitive forces that cause weakening of the ligament)

Question 27

What activities increase the risk of a sprain

Answer 27

1 - Beginning a new activity following a period of inactivity without gradual reconditioning. 2 - Poor technique with a new, intense, or repetitive activity. 3 - Performing an intense activity without a proper warmup

Question 28

What do you need to do to aid collagen regeneration and increase stability

Answer 28

Sensible activity followed by rest strengthens the ligament. Movement keeps adhesions at by and reduces ischemia.

Question 29

How does the hormone relaxin affect a females muscles during pregnancy.

Answer 29

Women produce greater amounts of relaxin during pregnancy, which softens collagen and loosens the ligaments to allow the uterus and surrounding structures to adapt to the growing fetus an prepare for childbirth. This can cause systemic laxity, increasing the risk for sprain.

Question 30

During the palpation assessment of a muscle sprain, when would it be tender?

Answer 30

During all stages of a muscle sprain, although the amount of pressure needed to elicit a response differs according to the grade. Tenderness diminishes as the injury heals.

Question 31

what is a fissure

Answer 31

skin lesion - CRACK

Question 32

what is an ulcer

Answer 32

skin lesion - (sores that have an impaired healing process) - i.e. bedsores are impaired due to the lack of oxygen they receive and the chronic pressure put on the area due to the body weight and immobility of the patient.

Question 33

Description of skin

Answer 33

Protection - keeps pathogens out Homeostasis - protection from fluid loss, temperature maintenance, insulation. Sensory envelope - Sensory receptors Absorption and Secretion

Question 34

Animal parasites

Answer 34

Mites - microscopic arthropods that cause skin lesions Head lice - Wingless insects that live in head hair and suck blood from the scalp Body lice - closely related to head lice, but they are bigger and have different living and feeding patterns. Pubic lice - tiny animals that look a lot like their nickname, crabs. Crabs often infest hair in the groin, but they also live in armpit hair and other coarse body hair.

Question 35

Scabie Mite

Answer 35

The females burrow into the epidermis where they feed on damaged skin cells, defecate and urinate, and lay eggs so the next generation can carry on. The average life cycle of a female mite is 30-60 days. As an adult, she mates only once and lays approximately 3 eggs per day

Question 36

Fungal infections of the skin

Answer 36

Tinea capitis(hair follicles on head), corporis(body/body ringworm), cruris(groin), pedis (feet/athletes foot), manuum (hands), onychomycosis (skin under finger/toenails), versicolor (colonies all over the body)

Question 37

Symptoms of head lice

Answer 37

itchiness on the scalp and the sensation of movement on the scalp

Question 38

tinea corporis

Answer 38

body ringworm that typically develops on the trunk or extremities. It usually begins as one small, round, red, scaly, itchy patch of skin. Scratching spreads the fungus to other parts of the body, and other lesions appear. They heal from the cente rfirst

Question 39

Best choice for treating a person with athlete's foot

Answer 39

work on feet thru the sheet

Question 40

Staph infection of the skin

Answer 40

bacterial infection; a group of bacteria known for colonizing human skin and nasal passages. Staph infections have different names, depending on where they are found or what subtypes of bacteria are present.

Question 41

The structure of the digestive system.

Answer 41

``` Oral cavity Pharynx 1 - Esophagus 2 - Lower esophageal valve 3 - Stomach 4 - Pyloric valve 5 - Small intestine 6 - Ileocecal valve 7 - Colon 8 – Anus ```

Question 42

Description of celiac disease

Answer 42

Celiac disease is a condition in which the intestinal villiare flattened or destroyed altogether as part of a reactionto the presence of gluten, a group of proteins present inmany types of grains. It is also known as celiac sprue,nontropical sprue, or gluten-sensitive enteropathy.

Question 43

Early symptoms of esophageal cancer.

Answer 43

Early signs and symptoms of esophageal cancer are practically nonexistent, which is why this disease has such a high mortality rate. It is o＀en undetected until atumor is large enough to create a mechanical obstructionand metastasis to other nearby organs and/or lymphnodes has already occurred.

Question 44

A description of gastroenteritis

Answer 44

Gastroenteritis is inflammation of the GI tract, usually thestomach or small intestine. By convention, gastroenteritis isusually discussed as a result of an infection with bacteria,viruses, or parasites. Noninfectious problems can also causeinflammation of the GI tract, however; and it can sometimesbe difficult to identify the cause of a person’s symptoms.GI tract infections are sometimes called “stomach flu,”but it is important to point out that none of the infectiousagents in this area are flu viruses, and a flu vaccine willnot prevent gastroenteritis.

Question 45

A description of diverticular disease

Answer 45

Diverticular disease is a condition of the small intestine or colon in which the mucosal and submucosal layers of the GI tract bulge through the outer muscular layer to form a sac or diverticulum. It happens most often in the descending section or sigmoid bend of the colon. The presence of these bulges is called diverticulosis. If bulges become infected or inflamed, the label is diverticulitis.

Question 46

A description of liver cancer

Answer 46

Primary liver cancer, also called hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC), is cancer that originates in the liver. ＀is is distinguished from secondary liver cancer, or metastatic liver disease, which is a result of cancer that originates elsewhere and spreads to the liver.

Question 47

Signs and symptoms of thrush

Answer 47

Candidiasis can show a variety of signs and symptoms depending on the severity of the condition, its location, and the underlying health of the affected person. Symptoms range from patchy, painless white lesions in the mouth (thrush) to yeasty vaginal discharge (vulvovaginitis), and can include variations such as skin lesions, chemical sensitivities, and headaches on the mild end of the spectrum, to drug-resistant fever, chills, and organ failure on the severe end of the spectrum.

Question 48

HAV

Answer 48

Hepatitis A. Hepatitis A virus (HAV) used to be called infectious hepatitis. It usually spreads through oral-fecal contamination, but it can be spread less efficiently through contact with intimate fluids. It is a short, acute infection (compared with other types of hepatitis), and it usually causes no long-lasting damage. One exposure creates lifelong immunity. HAV incu-bates for two to six weeks after exposure before symptoms appear, but it is highly contagious during this period. Once symptoms develop, the virus is present for another two to three weeks, although a person may not feel fully restored to health for up to six months.