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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
0
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Stimulation

A
  • Done to establish a diagnosis of Addison’s disease (increased ACTH + low cortisol) or Cushing’s syndrome (decreased ACTH + high cortisol)
  • Also evaluates pituitary adenomas, malignant ACTH producing tumours, pituitary disease, and hypothalamic disease.
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1
Q

Adrenal Gland Scan

A

This scan helps to localize the position of a tumour by noting hormonal uptake and storage within the Adrenal Glands.

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2
Q

Aldosterone

A
  • Regulates sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion by the kidneys.
  • Involved in regulation of body water, blood pressure, blood volume, electrolyte balance and pH.
  • Elevated levels are found in primary and secondary aldosteronism.
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3
Q

Angiography

A

The process of taking a picture of part of the cardiovascular system. A contrast dye is used to help visualize the vessel.

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4
Q

Antibody Screen

A
  • Identifies serum antibodies, maternal anti-Rh antibodies during pregnancy, and incompatibilities not detected by other tests.
  • Main purpose: to determine serum antibodies to RBCs the client will receive by transfusion.
  • Routinely done for blood compatibility testing or cross-matching.
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5
Q

Apolipoprotein

A

The ratio is useful in identifying at-risk persons for coronary artery disease.

Examples: LDL (low-density lipoprotein) and HDL (high-density lipoprotein)

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6
Q

Arteriography

A

The process of taking a picture of an artery. A contrast medium is injected (via the femoral artery and brachial artery) to better visualize the artery.

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7
Q

Arthrography

A

The visualization of a joint using radiographic study (x-ray) after the injection of a radiopaque substance into the joint.

Usually performed on the shoulder or knee, but might be performed on the wrist, hip, ankle, and temporal-mandibular joint (TMJ).

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8
Q

Arthroscopy

A
  • Provides direct visualization of the internal structures of a joint.
  • A fibre-optic arthroscope is used.
  • The knee is the most common site, but also performed on the shoulder, elbow, hip, wrist, or ankle.
  • This procedure is used to diagnose injury/disorders of the knee that cannot be identified by x-ray.
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9
Q

Barium Enema

A
  • The radiological (x-ray) examination of the colon using barium instilled using a rectal tube into the rectum.
  • The movement of the barium through the large intestine is visualized by fluoroscopy.
  • Useful for detecting small lesions and polyps.
  • The bowel must be totally cleaned out prior to the procedure.
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10
Q

Bilirubin

A
  • A substance produced in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow.
  • Direct Type: excreted in the GI tract.
  • Indirect Type: circulates in the blood.
  • Levels are measured using blood or urine samples.
  • Many disease processes can cause an increase in both hoes of bilirubin.
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11
Q

Bone Scan

A
  • Produces high-resolution images of the joints and bones.
  • Can monitor for degenerative arthritis.
  • A radionuclide is injected and will collect in areas of high osteogenesis (Hot spots) or areas of absent osteogenesis (cold spots)
  • Can detect a wide variety of musculoskeletal disorders.
  • Can be used to determine the effectiveness of treatments.
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12
Q

Breast Biopsy

A
  • Examines tissue or fluid that is removed from the breast lesion to diagnose or rule out malignancy.
  • Samples may be obtained from a fine needle aspiration, core biopsy, stereotactic guidance, which can all be done using local anesthetic.
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13
Q

Breast Sonagram

A
  • Painless non-invasive test that uses high-frequency ultrasound waves to record breast masses (palpable and nonpalpable).
  • Useful if a woman has dense breasts or silicon implants since the beam can penetrate the tissue where mammography may not be able to.
  • Sometimes mammography is done first and followed by ultrasound (sonography) to improve diagnostic accuracy.
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14
Q

Candida Antibody

A
  • Candidiasis is a result of a fungal infection caused by Candida albicans, and commonly affects the nails, mucous membranes, and skin.
  • If the fungal infection is present in the blood, it can lead to a life-threatening systemic infection.
  • People on antibiotics corded Kristiridge therapy have immunological disorders, are pregnant, have diabetes, are obese, or have debilitating chronic illness are at more risk for Candidiasis.
  • If cultures/histological studies fail to identify candidiasis, then a blood sample to identify the anti-body is required.
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15
Q

Cardiac Catheterization

A

Catheter is threaded through an artery or a vein (in the upper groin or arm).

  • It reaches the heart, then a radiographic dye is injected (called coronary angiogram).
  • The dye outlines the heart vessels and registers the pressures across the heart, vessels, and registers the pressures across the heart valves.
  • Measurement of pressures, oxygen saturation, and oxygen content are taken.
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16
Q

Cardiac Isoenzyme

A
  • Enzymes specifically released from the heart muscle. They have differing molecular details than other enzymes.
  • Enzymes are released (elevated blood levels will show) when there is tissue damage as in a heart attack (myocardial infarction).
  • It may be necessary to take blood samples at intervals to determine ongoing changes to the levels of the cardiac isoenzymes.
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17
Q

Cardiac Nuclear Scan

A
  • Gives information regarding the location and extent of myocardial ischemia and viability of myocardial tissues.
  • Radionuclide dye is injected and allowed to circulate through the heart to allow visualization of exercise-induced areas of ischemic cardiac tissue (little or no blood flow) or necrotic cardiac tissue from a previous myocardial infarction.
  • This test is normally indicated when a patient has chest pain or known coronary artery disease.
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18
Q

Cardiac Radiography

A
  • Radiographic assessment of the status of the heart and surrounding structures.
  • Usually done in conjunction with a routine common chest x-ray.
  • This test may be used to confirm placement of a central line, pulmonary artery catheters, temporary pacemaker wires, permanent pacemakers, and other invasive devices.
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19
Q

Carotid Doppler

A

A non-invasive procedure that examines the arteries supplying the brain (the carotid arteries).

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20
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid Examination

A
  • Cerebrospinal fluid is collected by a lumbar puncture or from the ventricles of the brain.
  • It helps to diagnose meningitis and viral encephalitis.
  • It allows for evaluation of colour, pressure, and specific cytological information of the CSF.
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21
Q

Cholangiography

A
  • Radiographic (x-ray) examination of the bile ducts
  • Contrast medium is injected intravenously and films are taken of the upper right quadrant at 20 minute intervals for one hour, or until the biliary ducts are visualized.
  • Identifies stenosis, obstruction, and calculi of the common bile duct.
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22
Q

Cholecystography

A
  • x-ray examination of the gallbladder after all ingestion of radiopaque dye.
  • Diagnoses gallbladder disease such as gallstones, gallbladder, polyps, chronic cholecystitis.
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23
Q

Coccidioidomycosis Skin Test

A

Determines the presence of infection by the detection of Coccidioides immitis (a fungus)

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24
Q

Colonoscopy

A
  • The examination of the large intestine from the anus to the cecum.
  • a flexible fiber optic or video colonoscope is used.
  • Colonoscopy is the most direct way to visualize the intestinal mucosa.
  • Foreign objects, polyps, and biopsy specimens can be removed through the colonoscope.
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25
Q

Complete Blood Count

A
  • The complete blood count (CBC) is a group of tests of the peripheral blood
  • It is often ordered as a screening tool and diagnostic test to provide information about the hematological system and other systems.
  • It is used in a routine physical examination and in the diagnosis of a wide range of conditions and diseases of children and adults.
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26
Q

Computed Tomography, Chest

A
  • Cross-sectional view of the chest.
  • Allows for detection of small differences and tissue densities that can’t be seen on regular x-rays.
  • Can evaluate chest trauma, enlarged lymph nodes, pleural effusion, carcinomas.
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27
Q

Computed Tomography, Pancreas

A
  • Images cross-sections of the tissue structures of the pancreas.
  • Changes due to acute pancreatitis are clearly evident on CT.
  • The extent of inflammation can be seen.
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28
Q

Coronary Ultrasonography

A
  • A noninvasive test that uses ultrasound waves to examine the heart’s position and size, pericardium and great vessels, valve and chamber movement, and blood flow velocity.
  • There are two approaches possible: transthoracic or transesophageal.
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29
Q

C-Reactive Protein

A
  • Appears in the blood and acute stages of various inflammatory disorders.
  • This test will show elevated levels, which are found in bacterial infections, active rheumatic fever, post op wound infections, kidney or bone marrow transplant rejection, Crohn’s disease, systemic lupus arithmetic ptosis, TB, acute myocardial infraction, and blood transfusions.
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30
Q

Cystography

A
  • A contrast agent is instilled in the bladder and then radiographic imaging is performed.
  • Cystography is a test of the lower urinary tract that provides information concerning the anatomy and integrity of the urinary bladder and urethra.
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31
Q

Cystometry

A
  • A test done to measure the pressure inside the bladder during bladder filling.
  • Cystometry is an important part of urodynamic evaluation.
  • Cystometry evaluates the detrusor muscle function and tonicity and aids in determining the cause of bladder dysfunction.
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32
Q

Cytologic Examination

A
  • Cytology of body tissues and cells involved the examination of cells in order to diagnosed malignant and premalignant conditions.
  • Some sources for cytologic examination can be sputum, tissue biopsy, cerebral spinal fluid, effusions from body cavities (pleural, abdominal, peritoneal, pericardial) urine and gastrointestinal fluid.
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33
Q

Cytomegalovirus Anti-body Test

A
  • The antibody to CMV is a type of herpes virus that is found in all body secretions and is tested by the cytomegalovirus antibody test.
  • The virus is present in a large segment of the population without causing disease.
  • It is best to test the blood for this - even though urine testing is possible (but not as efficient).
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34
Q

Electrocardiography

A

A non-invasive test of the electrical output of the heart. Electrons are attached at strategic areas of the patient’s body-to allow 360° evaluation of the hearts electrical output.

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35
Q

Electroencephalography

A
  • A noninvasive study performed to evaluate the electrical activity of the brain cells.
  • An EEG assists and diagnosing structural abnormalities involving the brain. Seizure activity can be evaluated.
  • Evaluates sleep disorders (during sleep studies) and effects of drug toxicity on the brain and more.
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36
Q

Electromyography

A
  • An electrophysiological study performed to determine the electrical activity of specific muscles.
  • A variety of narrative and muscle disorders can be diagnosed: muscular dystrophy, myasthenia gravis, poliomyelitis, tetanus, sarcoidosis.
  • Evaluating neuropathies and myopathies.
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37
Q

Electroneurography

A
  • An electrophysiological study performed to determine nerve conduction velocity found and peripheral nerve disease or injury.
  • The test provides diagnostic information about the location and cause of peripheral nerve abnormalities.
  • Nerve conduction velocities are slowed in diseases that affect peripheral nerves
  • Both Electromyography and electroneurography use electrodes on the skin and electrical stimuli are recorded to preipheral nerve and muscle contraction responses.
  • electroneurography will record nerve response.
  • Electromyography will record the muscle reaction.
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38
Q

Electronystagmography

A
  • ENG
  • An electrophysiological study that measures the direction and degree of nystagmus (involuntary movement of the eyes in a back and forth direction).
  • ENG measures the electric responses of the eye at rest and in response to various stimuli that are applied to the eye to elicit the nystagmus response.
  • Speed and duration of the eye movements are recorded and compared with normal values.
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39
Q

Electroretinography

A

ERG

  • An electrophysiological study that measures the electrical activity of the retina as it responds to a flash of light. DRG diagnoses of variety of retsina disorders (retinal detachment, retinitis, retinal damage caused by drugs).
  • It evaluates colorblindness and night blindness.
  • Detects congenital abnormalities of the corneal lens.
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40
Q

Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography

A
  • ERCP
  • The visual and radiographic examination of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas using a fiber-optic duodenoscope.
  • ERCP allows for direct imaging of the area.
  • ERCP is the standard for diagnosing stones in the common bile duct with high sensitivity and specificity.
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41
Q

Epstein-Barr Virus Antibodies

A

Epstein-Barr virus is a herpes virus that is very common and can cause mononucleosis (as well as other ailments including chronic fatigue syndrome/fibromyalgia).

  • This test will test for antibodies created by this virus.
  • Elevated levels are found in mononucleosis, head and neck tumors, infectious hepatitis, sarcoidosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and leukemia.
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42
Q

Esophageal Acidity Test

A
  • Evaluates and monitors esophageal capability.
  • The pH of gastric acid and the pH of the esophagus are measured using a pH electrode.
  • Evaluates and monitors gastroesophageal reflux.
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43
Q

Esophagogastroduodenoscopy

A
  • EGD.
  • An endoscopic procedure that allows direct visualization of the upper gastrointestinal tract.
  • The esophagus, stomach, and duodenum (upper portion of the small intestine) is visualized for abnormalities.
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44
Q

Estriol

A
  • Specific type of estrogen hormone.
  • The test measures the amount of estriol in the blood.
  • The most common use of the test is to evaluate fetal status during pregnancy.
  • Elevated levels are found with tumors, multiple pregnancy, ovarian or testicular tumors.
  • Decreased levels are found in failing pregnancy, congenital abnormalities, placental insufficiency, menopause, and many other conditions.
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45
Q

Estrogen

A
  • Hormone made in the ovaries, testes, placenta, and Adrenal glands.
  • Estrogen levels fluctuate during the menstrual cycle but are highest during ovulation and the last two weeks of the four week cycle.
  • Levels decrease in pregnancy and menopause.
  • Estrogen testing can evaluate estrogen hormone levels to help in the diagnosis of various ailments.
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46
Q

Exophthalmometry

A
  • Measures the degree of Ford protrusion of the eyeball.

- Exophthalmos is a condition that accompanies hypothyroidism and is a characteristic of Graves’ disease.

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47
Q

Ferritin

A

A test that evaluates whether iron is being adequately stored in the body.

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48
Q

Fetal Biophysical Profile

A
  • BPP
  • Evaluates the fetus during pregnancy.
  • It is done by ultrasonography. Heart rate, fetal breathing movement, gross fetal movements, fetal muscle tone, and amniotic fluid volume are included in this assessment.
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49
Q

Fetal Monitoring

A
  • Provides immediate evaluation of the fetal heart rate.
  • This is a valuable indicator of fetal distress.
  • Fetal monitoring can be done either internally (invasive) or externally (noninvasive).
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50
Q

Fetal Nonstress

A
  • NST

- A noninvasive test that measures the fetal heart rate as it responds to fetal movement.

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51
Q

Fetoscopy

A

An endoscopic examination that directly visualizes the fetus via a small telescope-like scope

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52
Q

Fluorescein Angiography

A
  • FA
  • A radiological examination of the retinal vasculature after the administration of a fluorescein dye.
  • Abnormalities of the retina can be detected with this test.
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53
Q

Fluoroscopy

A
  • imaging examination in which x-rays are taken through the client to a fluorescent viewing screen.
  • The examiner is able to watch movement in the area being filmed, while the study is in progress.
54
Q

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone

A
  • FSH.
  • A hormone produced by the pituitary gland in both males and females.
  • Aids in ovulation in females.
  • Aids in development of sperm in males.
  • This test shows the levels of FSH - which, whether increased or decreased levels, can be indicative of a variety of diseases or illnesses.
55
Q

Gastric Acid Stimulation

A
  • This test is used as supportive data to other tests to help determine the response of substances that are administered that induce an increase in gastric acid production.
  • This study can help with the understanding of the pathophysiology of ulcer disease.
56
Q

Gastric Emptying Scan

A
  • This test measures the percentage of gastric emptying after two hours and four hours after ingesting a meal that contains a radioactive isotope to aid in visualization.
  • A variety of gastrointestinal abnormalities can be detected with this test.
57
Q

Gastroesophageal Reflux Scan

A

A test to assess reflex of the gastric contents through the esophageal sphincter.

  • This is a nuclear scan that uses an oral radioactive contrast material to allow visualization and evaluation of gastric reflux.
  • Can assess for hiatal hernia.
58
Q

Gastroscopy

A
  • This is used for routine upper gastrointestinal endoscopy.
  • The entire esophagus, stomach, and upper portion of the duodenum are examined.
  • Can evaluate the dysphasia, dyspepsia, chronic abdominal pain, G.I. bleeding, and suspected polyps.
59
Q

Glucose Tolerance Test

A

GTT

  • Measures the blood or urine glucose levels after administration of an oral carbohydrate challenge.
  • Elevated levels of blood glucose can indicate diabetes mellitus. Gestational diabetes and other disease processes.
60
Q

Glucose, Blood

A
  • Glucose blood testing (by finger puncture) is a fast way to diagnose hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia.
  • Fasting glucose testing measures blood glucose level after a 12 hour fast.
61
Q

Hemoglobin

A
  • The oxygen-carrying compound of RBCs red blood cells in the blood is called hemoglobin.
  • A person shows fatigue, lethargy, and pallor if the hemoglobin is low (possible decrease caused by abnormal bleeding).
  • Test for hemoglobin diagnoses suspected anemia. Also monitors blood loss and replacement (transfusion)
62
Q

Hepatobiliary Scan

A
  • Radionuclide study that examines the gallbladder, intestines, extrahepatic bile ducts, and hepatic parenchyma.
  • Can help to diagnose acute or chronic cholecystitis, biliary obstruction, bile leaking, and biliary atresia.
  • And also diagnosed tumors or choledolithiasis.
63
Q

Holter Monitoring

A
  • Small portable ECG monitor is worn by the patient, usually over a 24 hour period.
  • Holter monitoring enables continuous recording of the clients cardiac electrical activity on tape.
  • Used to evaluate cardiac electrical activity in the patient who is experiencing symptoms that may indicate disturbance of cardiac rhythm.
64
Q

Insulin

A
  • Measures the rate of the hormone secreted from that islets of Langerhans in the pancreas.
  • Insulin is a hormone secreted normally in response to elevated blood glucose.
  • Used to diagnose early non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
65
Q

Iron

A
  • Serum iron testing assesses for iron levels in the blood.
  • Evaluates suspected iron deficiencies or aids in diagnosing conditions characterized by abnormally high levels of iron.
66
Q

Kidney Stone Analysis

A
  • Kidney stones can be formed of oxalate, uric acid, calcium, or calcium oxalate.
  • The stone content will determine the treatment.
  • Kidney stones for kidney stone analysis, are obtained by straining the urine.
  • Them the clean, washed stone is examined using infrared spectroscopy.
67
Q

Laryngoscopy

A
  • Allows for the visualization of the larynx, commonly called the voicebox, to assess for abnormalities such as abscess, carcinoma, foreign body, hemorrhage, inflammation, or strictures.
  • Either a rigid laryngoscope or a flexible fiber-optic endoscope are used.
68
Q

Liver Biopsy

A
  • An invasive procedure.
  • Liver biopsy is done to diagnose or confirm the cause of chronic liver disease and liver tumors after liver transplants to determine the cause of elevated liver test if rejection is occurring.
69
Q

Liver Scan

A
  • Liver scan is a noninvasive diagnostic technique evaluating the liver and secondary surrounding areas of the gallbladder and diaphragm.
  • It is an ultrasound that passes over the right upper quadrant of the abdomen.
  • The test determines abnormalities of the liver, including the presence of cancer, hepatic fibrosis, and fatty infiltrates.
70
Q

Lung Biopsy

A
  • An invasive procedure.
  • An excision or needlepunch sample of lung tissue is obtained under sterile technique.
  • Aids in the diagnosis of cancer, pulmonary fibrosis, sarcoidosis, and lung infections.
71
Q

Lung Scan

A
  • The structure and function of the lungs is evaluated.
  • A lung scan is considered a nuclear medicine procedure - since a radioactive substance is given by IV for the perfusion method.
  • Two other methods are ventilation and inhalation scans. Each of these will detect different aspects of the lung’s condition.
72
Q

Lupus Panel Analyzer

A
  • Lupus panel analyzer consists of three different tests to diagnose Systemic Lupus erythematosus.
  • The three tests are blood tests and can help indicate if Lucas is a possibility or not.
73
Q

Lyme Disease

A
  • Blood test is done to detect Lyme disease.
  • Lyme disease is transmitted to a person by a deer tick bite.
  • Manifestations of this disease are a characteristic “Bulls-eye” rash and flulike symptoms, occurring within a week of the tick bite.
  • If not treated early it can lead to carditis, arthritis, and central nervous system disturbances.
74
Q

Lymphangiography

A
  • A radiographic study of the lymphatic system using x-ray and an oil-based contrast medium into a lymphatic vessel.
  • It can detect and diagnose lymphoma, metastatic disease, and lymphedema
75
Q

Mammogram

A
  • A radiographic study that uses low-dose x-ray technique to examine breast tissue.
  • It is used in conjunction with manual (physical) palpitation.
  • It is used to screen for breast cancer or other breast tissue anomalies.
76
Q

Mantoux Skin Test

A
  • Evaluates whether there is active or dormant tuberculosis infection.
  • To carry out the test a fraction of tubercule bacilli is injected intradermally (just under the skin).
  • If the patient has active or dormant tuberculosis, the injection site will produce an erythema (a raised, reddened area).
  • If the skin reaction is intense, to confirm TB - sputum tests and chest x-ray must be done.
77
Q

Mediastinoscopy

A
  • An endoscopic procedure that allows visualization and biopsy of lymph nodes through a small suprasternal incision.
  • mediastinoscopy aids in the diagnosing of cancer, tuberculosis, and histoplasmosis, and determining whether Lung cancer has spread to the lymph nodes.
78
Q

Mumps Anti-body

A

The mumps antibody test is a blood test and is used to diagnose mumps (an acute contagious febrile disease that is known for the inflammation of the parotid glands (the largest salivary glands) and other salivary glands).

79
Q

Myelogram

A
  • An x-ray of the spine with these subarachnoid space highlighted (augmented with oil-based or water-based agent).
  • The study allows for visualization of the spinal cord and nerve roots and assist in identifying abnormalities of the spine, spinal cord, or surrounding structures.
  • MRIs are often used in place of myelograms since there are lower risk of complications with MRIs.
80
Q

Nephrotomography

A
  • An x-ray film of the
  • A contrast media may be used to provide more definition.
  • This procedure provides clearer visualization since it can penetrate deep shadows.
81
Q

Nerve Biopsy

A
  • Surgical procedure, usually as an outpatient, that involves the removal of a small portion of a nerve for microscopic examination.
  • The nerve biopsy may identify abnormalities of the nerves or inflammatory nerve conditions.
82
Q

Nerve Conduction Studies

A
  • A test to measure and record electrical activity and skeletal muscles at rest and during voluntary muscle contraction.
  • Results aid in determining if abnormalities are due to lower motor neuron disease or those of muscle fiber.
83
Q

Occult Blood

A
  • Occult blood tests for the presence of blood in the stool as an indicator of gastrointestinal bleeding.
  • Often small amount of blood are not visible.
  • Occult blood test uses a chemical test to confirm the presence of blood in stool.
  • is confirmed, further testing will be required to determine the source/cause of the bleeding.
84
Q

Oncoscint Scan

A
  • This scan detects colon and ovarian cancers.
  • This involves a method to attach radiolabeled special antigen antibodies to the surface of these specific cancers.
  • Then a gamma camera scans the entire body to find the areas of increased radionuclide uptake, indicating the area of cancer.
85
Q

Otoscopy

A
  • Otoscopy allows visualization of the external canal of the ear and the middle ear.
  • The most common incidence of pathology found in the ear, using an otoscope, are inflammatory conditions, which can be easily diagnosed.
86
Q

Oximetry

A
  • Oximetry is used to monitor the oxygen saturation of arterial blood, noninvasively.
  • The sensor is attached to the finger, earlobe, or toe, allowing measurement (through a complex method)!of the oxygenated hemoglobin. The monitor will display the oxygen saturation of the blood in percentages.
87
Q

Paracentesis

A

A It is done to remove accumulated fluid from the abdominal cavity for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.

  • Diagnoses infectious peritonitis.
  • When fluid is drained it can relieve respiratory distress.
88
Q

Parasite Screen

A
  • A test done to rule out the presence of parasites and their eggs.
  • a stool specimen is collected to allow for a concentrated sample and a stained smear.
89
Q

Parathyroid Scan

A
  • Parathyroid scan detects abnormalities of the parathyroid and surrounding structures.
  • A special technique is used to separate normal thyroid activity from parathyroid abnormalities.
90
Q

Partial Thromboplastin Time

A

PTT can indicate the effectiveness of anti-coagulation therapy and is a screening test for bleeding tendencies.

  • Coagulation: the clotting of blood. The process by which the blood clots to form solid masses, or clots.
  • Anticoagulation: the process of hindering the clotting of blood, especially by treatment with an anticoagulant (usually a medication).
91
Q

Pericardiocentesis

A
  • Pericardiocentesis is the removal of fluid from the pericardial sac.
  • It can be done to remove accumulating fluids that causes pressure/compression.
  • Fluid can be removed to examine to examine for diagnostic purposes.
  • Drug therapy can be administered directly to the site.
92
Q

Pleural Biopsy

A
  • Obtaining a small amount of pleural tissue to examine for malignancy, infection involving the pleura, diagnoses pleural fibrosis, and more.
  • First a sample of pleural fluid will be taken for examination, prior to removing any pleural tissue.
93
Q

Progesterone

A
  • Progesterone testing measures the level of serum progesterone.
  • Progesterone is produced by the ovary, placenta, and adrenals in the female, and produced by that adrenals and testes in the male.
  • Progesterone is a hormone required in the menstrual cycle in women and body preparation for implantation of a fertilized ovum and more.
94
Q

Prothrombin Time

A
  • Also known as international normalized ratio, INR.
  • Prothrombin time is part of an anticoagulation screen done when a client show signs and symptoms of bleeding.
  • Prothrombin time, PT, is a coagulation test that measures what time it takes to form of fibrin clot, when the blood sample is combined with certain elements.
  • The PT test alone is a coagulation test, however the PT test is one part of an anticoagulation screen which involves a number of different tests.
95
Q

Pulmonary Artery Catheterization

A
  • Measures the pumping ability of the heart.

- It is used to diagnose a number of ailments associated with the heart and the surrounding vessels.

96
Q

Pulmonary Function

A

A The most common pulmonary function test is Spirometry.

  • Pulmonary function tests provide data on the lung volumes, patterns, and airflow rates involved in respiratory function.
  • Spirometry measures lung volumes, lung capacities, and flow rates.
  • Depending on the results, further testing can be done.
97
Q

Renal Angiogram

A
  • A contrast dye is injected into the renal artery so that the kidney circulation and tissues of the kidneys can be visualized by x-rays.
  • Used to diagnose renal tumors, cysts, assess a potential kidney donor, assess post-transplant kidney function, show vascular irregularities, evaluate renal function, and more.
  • This test has largely been replaced by noninvasive computerized tomography (CT).
98
Q

Renal Computed Tomography

A
  • Renal computed tomography is able to evaluate benign or malignant diseases of the bladder (as well as the prostate, testes, seminal vesicles, and spermatic cords).
  • Computed tomography images cross-sections of tissue structures of the renal system.
99
Q

Retrograde Urethrography

A
  • Visualization of the bladder and urethra with x-ray after administration of contrast dye into the bladder catheter.
  • Identifies congenital abnormalities of the bladder and urethra.
  • Identifies many abnormalities of the bladder and urethra such as incomplete emptying, tumors, fistulas, tears or lacerations from trauma, and urinary strictures.
100
Q

Rh-typing

A

Rh testing measures the Rh factor, which is the system of blood typing that identifies specific proteins on the surface of red blood cells.

  • If the Rh antigens is present - the person is considered to be Rh positive.
  • If there are no Rh antigens in the blood test - the person is Rh negative.
  • Rh testing is routinely done on pregnant women.
  • Also evaluates a potential Rh problem that may arise after a transfusion.
101
Q

Rubella Antibody

A
  • German measles test.
  • Rubella antibodies in the body was all from an acute viral communicable infection.
  • Usually seen in children and adults.
  • Patient will have a red or pink rash, lymphadenopathy, pharyngitis, and conjunctivitis. (Incubation period is 14-21 days - after exposure - and is spread by droplet spray)
  • The blood antibodies will remain for 4 to 5 weeks and be gone completely.
102
Q

Rubeola Antibody

A
  • If a patient has the measles virus (sometimes called red measles) antibodies would appear in the blood - usually 1 to 2 weeks after exposure.
  • This is the time when a patient would exhibit fever, cough, headache, conjunctivitis, and a rash on the face, trunk, and extremities.
  • This test detects the Rubeola virus, which is transmitted by airborne droplets and causes measles.
103
Q

Salmonella

A
  • Salmonella testing of the blood or stool is the most common route of detection of salmonella enteritidis.
  • The most common form of salmonellosis is from the ingestion of contaminated food or drink.
104
Q

Schick Test

A
  • Skin test that determines the degree of immunity to diphtheria.
  • It is an intradermal test.
  • A positive test: indicated by inflammation or induration at the point of injection.
  • If the test is positive: it indicates that the patient does not have enough antibodies to the area and would be susceptible to the disease.
105
Q

Schilling Test

A
  • Measures the absorption of vitamin B12 which indicates if the patient lacks intrinsic factor.
  • Intrinsic factor (from the stomach) is required to be able to absorb B12.
  • This test determines if the patient is deficient in intrinsic factor.
106
Q

Sinus Endoscopy

A
  • An endoscopic instrument is used to visualize the sinus areas.
  • The sinuses may retain secretions that create chronic sinus infections.
  • The sinus endoscopy can help relieve infections and to provide diagnostics to the pathology of the sinus disorder.
107
Q

Sinus X-ray

A
  • X-ray of the sinuses to aid in the diagnosis of acute or chronic sinusitis.
  • Can show obstruction of the nasal sinuses.
  • Detects tumours or abscesses - if specifically requested to evaluate the sinuses.
108
Q

Skin Culture

A
  • Tests for increased number (out of the norm) of organisms.
  • Skin culture maybe used to confirm the presence of many possible conditions.
  • Among these might be athletes foot, scabies, impetigo, warts, and more.
109
Q

Skull X-ray (Skull Films)

A

X-ray of the skull is taken to aid in the diagnosis of skull fracture, head injury, radiopaque tumor, or foreign body.

110
Q

Sleep Studies

A

Tests used to evaluate sleep-related disorders. The most common sleep disorder is sleep apnea.

111
Q

Small Bowel Series

A
  • Fluoroscopic study of the small intestine and after ingestion of barium sulfate, a contrast material allowing visualization of the upper intestinal bowel.
  • This test can detect cancers of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine.
  • They also diagnosed caloric stenosis, ulcers, polyps, Crohn’s disease, enteritis, diverticula, hiatal hernia.
  • Can evaluate malabsorption syndromes, inflammation, weight loss, diarrhea, and Hodgkin’s disease.
112
Q

Sodium

A
  • Sodium is a major component of extracellular fluid in the body. It is vital for life.
  • If levels increased or decreased, there can be serious consequences.
  • The sodium test is a blood (or urine) test to determine the sodium levels.
113
Q

Spinal Nerve Root Thermography

A
  • A non-invasive test that measures the heat emitted from the surface of the skin at two adjacent areas of the spinal column.
  • The test will help to test sensory nerve irriation - indicating nerve root injury.
  • Can help diagnose herniated disks, decreased blood flow to the spinal area, condition of nerve roots in lower back region injuries
114
Q

Sputum Culture

A
  • Expectorated sputum allows for the examination of the lower respiratory tract secretions.
  • The most common pathogens detected with a sputum culture are bacteria, such as: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Hemophilus influcenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella species.
  • Fungal infections can be tested in a sputum culture.
115
Q

Staphylococcus

A
  • Staphylococci is a bacteria that can cause infections and illness, even leading to a condition called septic shock.
  • Staphylococcus test for the staphylococci bacteria.
116
Q

Stool Culture

A
  • Used to diagnose pathogens, which may be causing abnormal bowel patterns, specifically diarrhea.
  • Stool cultures are most often done to identify enteric (intestinal) disease pathogens.
117
Q

Streptococcus (Anti-Streptolysin 0)

A
  • Streptococci is a bacteria responsible for a variety of illnesses, scarlet fever, pneumonia, acute rheumatic fever, strep throat, and acute glomerulonephritis.
  • Rising titers (levels of serum Streptococci) - if blood work is done at intervals, are more indicative of infection then one single test.
  • Streptococcus test for the streptococci bacteria.
118
Q

Sweat Test

A
  • Used to diagnose cystic fibrosis.
  • It looks at high levels of sodium and chloride in a child’s sweat.
  • Sweat is induced and analyzed chemically for sodium and chloride content.
119
Q

Testosterone

A
  • Testosterone is the primary male hormone, an androgen, responsible for the development of male characteristics.
  • Commonly done to diagnose sexual dysfunction or infertility.
  • Hormonally influenced diseases can be indicated.
120
Q

Thermography

A
  • The recording of temperature in areas of the body, using an infrared device.
  • Relatively hot or cold spots are revealed as the area lacks the ability to adapt to changes in temperature.
  • Commonly used to study blood flow to the limbs and in detecting breast cancer.
121
Q

Thoracentesis

A
  • Fluid is withdrawn from the pleural space for examination.
  • A needle is inserted into the thoracic cavity to facilitate this.
  • Removal of fluid could be for drainage purposes.
  • Thoracentesis may be done to introduce medication into the pleural space.
122
Q

Thoracoscopy Scan

A
  • This is an operative procedure where the surgical incision is made to allow for insertion of a thorascope.
  • The Pleura, pleural spaces, thoracic walls, mediastinum, and pericardium are visualized.
  • Biopsies and laser procedures can be done while the thoracic thorascope is in place.
123
Q

Thyroid Antibodies

A
  • Used to confirm diagnoses related to the thyroid gland and to monitor disease activity.
  • This is a blood test and is considered more accurate when done in conjunction with fibroid microsomal antibodies.
124
Q

Thyroid Biopsy

A
  • Thyroid biopsy helps to determine the tissue type of thyroid cysts and tumours.
  • Ultrasound is used to locate the cyst or tumor, then a sterile needle is inserted to remove thyroid tissue for examination.
  • An excision or needle punch may be used to obtain the tissue.
  • This is an invasive procedure.
  • The biopsied tissue will be examined microscopically in a laboratory for anomalies.
  • The thyroid biopsy is most commonly used to diagnose thyroid cancer.
125
Q

Thyroid Function

A
  • Several tests are included to determine thyroid function: total T3, total T4, free T4,T3 uptake, and TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone).
  • Each of these items is measured in the serum (blood).
126
Q

Thyroid Scan

A
  • Used to evaluate the size, shape, function, and location of the thyroid gland.
  • A radioactive iodine is ingested and then a nuclear scan of the neck is done.
  • This test can help identify thyroid nodules, goiter, thyroiditis, and tumours.
127
Q

Thyroxine

A
  • A test to help diagnose for hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism and is a way to monitor thyroid replacement therapy and anti-thyroid drugs.
  • The primary action of the thyroid gland is to control the basal metabolic rate.
128
Q

Total Iron-Binding Capacity

A
  • Measures all the proteins that are available for binding mobile iron.
  • Transferrin is the largest quantity of the iron binding proteins.
  • This test is a better reflection of liver function and nutrition rather than iron metabolism.
  • Elevated levels of this protein may be found with oral contraceptives, pregnancy, polycythemia, and (especially) iron deficiency anemia.
  • Decreased levels would be found with hypoproteinemia, cirrhosis, and anemia.
129
Q

Toxicology Screening

A
  • Evaluates urine for the presence of drugs.
  • It is the most common toxicology screening tool.
  • Metabolites of many drugs are excreted into the urine, allowing for their detection via a urine sample.
130
Q

Upper Gastrointestinal Series

A
  • Also called barium swallow or upper G.I.
  • A barium mixture is swallowed, or a dye preparation, and will show up on an x-ray.
  • X-rays or fluoroscopic pictures are taken of the upper G.I. tract.
  • This allows for visualization of the position, peristaltic action, function, and abnormalities of the esophagus, duodenum, and upper portion of the jejunum.
  • Hiatal hernia or leakage of matter into the abdominal chest cavity can be determined.
131
Q

Urinalysis

A
  • Provides a wide spectrum of data from which to make tentative diagnosis.
  • Urinalysis can indicate the need for further studies.
  • Kidney and urinary tract infections can be screened.
  • Urinalysis can be done by dipstick in a doctors office, but microscopic (lab) examination can be requested for more intensive study.
132
Q

Urine Osmolality

A
  • It reflects the kidneys ability to concentrate urine and is directly affected by the hydration status of the patient.
  • Measures the concentration of numbers of particles of solute in a defined amount of solution.
  • Aids in assessing fluid and electrolyte balance.
133
Q

Venography

A
  • A test that produces an x-ray of the venous system.
  • It is normally performed on an extremity to evaluate for obstruction.
  • Dye is injected into a vein of the arm or leg.
  • X-rays are taken of the blood flow through the veins.
  • Identifies structure, patency, and flow of the venous system.

Medical Tests (5 decks)

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