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Filtration, Excretion > Filtration and Clearance > Flashcards

Filtration and Clearance Flashcards

1
Q

What does the glomerular filtration rate do when the afferent arteriole dilates?

A

Increases

More blood enters glomerulus

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2
Q

Why does glomerular filtration rate increase with a dilated afferent arteriole?

A

Decrease in vascular resistance (more blood flow)

Increase in intraglomerular pressure (efferent arteriole doesn’t dilate)

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3
Q

What is glomerular filtration rate?

A

Volume of plasma filtered by glomerulus per unit time

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4
Q

Why is inulnin and ideal substance for determining glomerular filtration rate?

A

It isn’t reabsorbed or secreted

It’s exogenous

It isn’t metabolised

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5
Q

Normal glomerular filtration rate

A

100mL/minute

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6
Q

Renal clearance

A

Amount of plasma cleared of a compound per unit time

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7
Q

Which blood pressures can GFR be kept constant?

A

Between 80mmHg and 180mmHg

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8
Q

Normal GFR

A

180L/day

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9
Q

How is glomerular filtration rate regulated?

A

Autoregulation
Myogenic response
Tuboglomerular feedback

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10
Q

Myogenic response

A

1) Arterioles, capillaries detect stretch from increased blood pressure
2) Constrict to resist stretch

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11
Q

What is the macula densa?

A

Part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus

Detects changes in sodium chloride levels in the distal convoluted tubule

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12
Q

What does the macula densa do if it detects a drop in distal tubular sodium chloride levels?
1
2

A

1) Relaxes afferent arteriole

2) Stimulates renin release from the juxtaglomerular cells of the afferent and efferent arterioles

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13
Q

What does the macula densa do if it detects a rise in distal tubular sodium chloride levels?
1
2

A

1) Constricts afferent arteriole

2) Inhibits renin release from juxtaglomerular cells of the afferent and efferent arterioles

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14
Q

What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

1) Situated between distal convoluted tubule, renal corpuscle
2) Made up of juxtaglomerular cells, macula densa cells, smooth muscle
3) Regulates glomerular filtration rate

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15
Q

Location of macula densa cells

A

Distal convoluted tubule part of juxtaglomerular apparatus

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16
Q

Location of juxtaglomerular smooth muscle

A

Afferent arteriole

17
Q

Function of juxtaglomerular cells

A

Secrete renin

18
Q 
Glomerular filtration rate homeostasis
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
A

1) GFR increases
2) Flow in the distal convoluted tubule increases
3) Macula densa detects this
4) Paracrine form macula densa diffuses to afferent arteriole
5) Afferent arteriole constricts
6) Increase in resistance in afferent arteriole
7) Decrease in glomerular hydrostatic pressure
8) GFR decreases

19
Q

Tubuloglomerular feedback

A

GFR maintained by macula densa cells

20
Q

What is the feedback system mediated by macula densa cells called?

A

Tubuloglomerular feedback

21
Q

Ways to alter renal excretion

A

1) Renin-angiotensin system
2) Sympathetic nervous system
3) Atrial natriuretic peptide
4) Increase or decrease cardiac output
5) Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone)

22
Q

Where does atrial natureitic peptide come from?

A

The heart

23
Q

When is atrial natriuretic hormone released?

A

When the atrial cells detect stretch form too much blood in the heart

24
Q

Function of atrial natriuretic hormone

A

Kidneys excrete more salt and water

25
Q

Effect of vasopressin

A

Reduces urine volume

Vasoconstriction

26
Q

What does renin secretion result in?

A

Renin –> Angiotensin –> Aldosterone

27
Q

Effect of angiotensin II

A

Arterioles constrict

This increases GFR (increased intraglomerular blood pressure)

28
Q

When is angiotensin II released?

A

If MAP is too low

29
Q

How does angiotensin II work?

A

Promotes Na absorption in proximal convoluted tubule

This increases water reabsorption

30
Q

Function of aldosterone

A

Increases blood pressure

Increases waste product excretion

31
Q

How does aldosterone work?

A

Promotes Na reabsorption from the collecting duct

32
Q

Effect of sympathetic stimulation of kidneys

A

Reduces GFR

33
Q

Neurotransmitter that affects glomerular filtration rate

A

Noradrenaline

34
Q

Effect of noradrenaline

A

Constrict afferent and efferent arterioles
Increase Na, water reabsorption in proximal convoluted tubule
Renin release

35
Q

Stimulus for renin release

A

Low blood pressure

Low salt concentration

Filtration, Excretion (3 decks)

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