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XR220 Image Production and Evaluation II > Film processing chemicals > Flashcards

Film processing chemicals Flashcards

1
Q

What is a darkroom?

A

A place where handling & processing of film can be carried out safely & efficiently w/out hazard of producing film fog by accidental exposure to light or x rays.

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2
Q

What makes location of the darkroom important?

A

convenient for all modalities

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3
Q

Why is the entrance of a dark room important?

A

Revolving door vs. maze (keeping light out while techs come and go)

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4
Q

Why is it important that the darkroom be well ventilated?

A

Because chemicals are in use in a dark room.

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5
Q

Why is it important that the dark room floor be free of clutter?

A

to avoid tripping in dark

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6
Q

Why is it important to keep the darkroom floor free of spills?

A

To avoid slipping on the floor.

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7
Q

What makes having counter tops free from clutter in the dark room important?

A

easier to maintain a dust free environment

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8
Q

What does processing the film do?

A

Converts the invisible latent image into the visible manifest image

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9
Q

What are the four steps of film processing?

A

developing, fixing, washing & drying.

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10
Q

What is the processing cycle and how long does it take?

A

amount time to process single piece of film

45 seconds - 3.5 minutes

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11
Q

What is the processor capacity?

A

the number of films processed per hour

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12
Q

Most processing takes how long?

A

90 seconds.

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13
Q

What is the main purpose of developing?

A

: turn exposed silver crystals into metallic silver

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14
Q

This metallic silver left after developing is:

A

the radiographic density that makes up the image that we view

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15
Q

Developer Solution consists of :

A 
developing (reducing)agents
 accelerator (activator) agents	
 restrainer
 preservative
 hardener
 solvent
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16
Q

Developing has two purposes while converting latent image to manifest image:

A

1) amplify amount of metallic silver on film
increases number of silver atoms in latent image center
2) reduce exposed silver halide crystals into metallic silver

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17
Q

Developer or Reducing Agents:

A

reduce exposed silver halide to metallic silver also adds electrons to exposed silver halide

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18
Q

Developer gives electrons to

A

sensitivity specks in emulsion of film
Electrons attract silver to these areas
amplifies amount of silver
Exposed silver halide reduced to metallic silver

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19
Q

Hydroquinone

A

creates higher densities (black) – principal component

Acts slowly

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20
Q

Phenidone and metol

A

creates lower densities (lighter shades of grey)

Acts fast.

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21
Q

Together, hydroquinone and phenidone make up

A

the range of densities we see on the radiograph

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22
Q

Synergism (Superadditivity):

A

chemicals produce greater effect when working together as opposed to working separately

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23
Q

Hydroquinone & Phenidone are synergistic in quality in that they

A

work together.

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24
Q

The synergistic action of hydroquinone and phenidone are what shape

A

the characteristic curve.

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25
Q

Optical density is the result of:

A

reducing agents.

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26
Q

The Characteristic Curve is a graph of

A

the optical density

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27
Q

The Characteristic Curve shows the relationship between

A

the exposure to a film and the amount of light that can be transmitted through that film

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28
Q

The Characteristic Curve is shaped by

A

the action of the developing agents
Phenidone is responsible for the toe
Hydroquinone is responsible for the shoulder of the curve

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29
Q

Also in the developer is a wetting agent :

A

water, to soften and swell the emulsion

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30
Q

Accelerator/Activator Agents are also called:

A

buffering agents

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31
Q

Accelerator/activator agents elevate and maintain:

A

the pH of the developer.

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32
Q

pH measures:

A

the alkalinity of solution needed for the reducing agents and Enhances action of reducing agents by maintaining the developer solution in alkaline state

33
Q

Loss of pH =

A

loss of developer activity

34
Q

Example of a Buffering agent

A

Sodium Carbonate.

35
Q

Restrainer:

A

Decreases the reduction or development of unexposed silver halide
Keeps unexposed crystals from the developing agent

36
Q

Without restrainer the crystals that were not exposed

A

would still be reduced to metallic silver. This would result in development fog
development of unexposed silver halide

37
Q

Example of restrainer:

A

Potassium Bromide

38
Q

Preservative:

A

Preserves the developer by decreasing oxidation of the developer solution

39
Q

Aerial oxidation

A

reduction in chemical activity of developer by air. Air above the tank takes as many electrons as it can grab from the developer.

40
Q

The presence of a float on top of the solution in the developer replenisher tank is to

A

retard aerial oxidation.

41
Q

Use oxidation

A

reduction in chemical strength as result of increased temperature over period of time

42
Q

By controlling oxidation the preservative maintains

A

proper development rate

43
Q

Example of preservative:

A

Sodium Sulfite

44
Q

Hardener

A

Hardens emulsion which was originally softened by reducing agents & Protects the image on film from action of rollers

45
Q

Example of hardener:

A

Glutaraldehyde

46
Q

Insufficient hardener leaves

A

gelatin on rollers.

47
Q

Gelatin on rollers causes:

A

transport problems.

48
Q

Biggest problem in automatic processing is

A

insufficient Glutaraldehyde

49
Q

The hardener helps ensure

A

Archival Quality

50
Q

Solvent:

A

Water. Dilutes chemicals in developer solution
Helps stop chemicals from over acting
Helps chemicals to function at their best level of activity

51
Q

Film development is simply a chemical reaction affected by:

A

Time
Temperature
Concentration of developer
Any deviation from any of these will reduce or degrade image quality

52
Q

Increasing the development time will

A

increase reduction of silver and produce an image that is too dark

53
Q

If the temperature is too high the results will be

A

too dark

54
Q

If develop concentration is too strong the reducing agents will

A

be too powerful and will affect exposed and unexposed silver halide crystals

55
Q

A change in time, temperature or concentration of developer, from the manufacturer’s recommendation will result in

A

fogging the film. Image will appear gray and lack sufficient contrast

56
Q

Fog can also be produced by

A

chemical contamination of the developer known as Chemical Fog

57
Q

Fixing:

A

Removes unexposed silver halide and makes the remaining image permanent

58
Q

Fixer consists of :

A 
activator (acidifier)
fixing (clearing) agent
preservative
hardener 
solvent
59
Q

Acidifier/Activator:

A

Neutralizes the pH of emulsion and stops action of developer

Similar to a stop bath

60
Q

example of Activator:

A

Acetic Acid

61
Q

Clearing (Fixing) Agent:

A

clears undeveloped silver halide from film. Also known as “hypo.”

62
Q

Hypo retention

A

the retention of fixer left in emulsion.

63
Q

Hypo retention causes:

A

browning of the film.

64
Q

Silver sulfide stain most common cause of

A

poor archival quality

65
Q

Example of fixer:

A

Ammonium Thiosulfate

66
Q

Preservative:

A

Protects the fixing agent from oxidation

Maintains chemical balance due to carryover of developer to fixer tank

67
Q

What does Sodium Sulfite do and what is it an example of?

A

Helps dissolve silver from ammonium thiosulfate so will continue to remove silver from emulsion. Its an example of a preservative.

68
Q

Second application of hardener:

A

Further hardens the emulsion so that the image becomes a permanent record and makes it better for handling. Causes emulsion to harden to aid in transport through washer & dryer
Ensures quick & complete drying
Prevents scratches & abrasions

69
Q

Example of second hardener:

A

Potassium aluminum***

Aluminum chloride – chromium alum

70
Q

Washing:

A

Removes fixer and developer solution from surface of film

Prevents browning and fading over time.

71
Q

Temperature of wash should be:

A

5 degrees F or 3 degrees C lower than the other solutions.

72
Q

If the temperature of the wash is too drastic of a change:

A

fast the emulsion may crack into many pieces (reticulation)

73
Q

Drying:

A

Final process
Forced hot air over both sides of film
Temperature ranges from 120 - 150°F (43-65°C)
Remove 85% - 90% of moisture
Retains some moisture as to prevent cracking
Sets final hardening to emulsion
Seals supercoat

74
Q

Manuel processing requires how much time from start to finish?

A

Over one hour.

75
Q

Automatic processing requires how much time from start to finish (dry to drop time)?

A

90 seconds.

76
Q

How long is a radiograph stored?

A

5-7 years.

77
Q

How long is a mammography radiograph stored?

A

10 years.

78
Q

What is the storage temperature of radiographs?

A

70 degrees F (23 degrees C)

79
Q

At what humidity should radiographs be stored?

A

60%

XR220 Image Production and Evaluation II (8 decks)

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