Fill in the Blanks Flashcards
The thyroid straddles the trachea anteriorly, whereas the paired lobes extend on either side bounded laterally by the ________ arteries and _________ veins.
carotid
jugular
Along the anterior surface of the thyroid gland lie the _____ muscles, including the sternothyroid, omohyoid, sternohyoid, and sternocleidomastiod muscles.
strap
The parathyroid glands are normally located on the ___________ surface of the thyroid gland.
posterior-medial
The parathyroid glands are the ___________ organs in the body.
calcium-sensing
The parathyroid glands produce _____________ and monitor the serum calcium feedback mechanism.
parathyroid hormone
When the serum calcium level _______, the parathyroid glands are stimulated to release PTH.
decreases
PTH acts on ______, _______, and intestine to enhance calcium absorption.
bone
kidney
Primary hyperparathyroidism is characterized by __________, hypercalciuria, and low serum levels of phosphate.
hypercalcemia
Primary hyperparathyroidism occurs when increased amounts of PTH are produced by a(n) ________, primary hyperplasia, or, rarely, carcinoma located in the parathyroid gland.
adenoma
A chronic hypocalcemia caused by renal failure, vitamin D deficiency (rickets), or malsbsorption syndromes is ________ hyperparathyroidism.
secondary
The thyroid gland is the part of the endocrine system that maintains the body _______, _______, and _________ through the synthesis, storage, and secretion of thyroid hormones.
metabolism
growth
development
These hormones inclue triiodothyronine (______), thyroxine (_______), and _______.
T3
T4
calcitonin
The mechanism for producing thyroid hormones is ______ metabolism.
iodine
When the body needs thyroid hormones, it is released into the bloodstream by the action of thyrotropin, or thyroid-stimulating hormone (________), which is produced by the pituitary gland.
TSH
The secretion of TSH is regulated by thyrotropin-releasing factor, which is produced by the _________.
hypothalmus
The concentration of calcium in the blood is decreased by ________, which first acts on th bone to inhibit its breakdown.
calcitonin
Low intake of iodine (goiter) in the body may cause either _________, or the inability of the thyroid to produce the proper amount of thyroid hormone, or a problem in the pituitary gland that does not control the thyroid production.
hypothyroidism
The metabolic rate is dramatically increased __________, clinical signs include weight loss, increased appetite, high degreeof nervous energy,tremor, excessive sweating, heat intolerance, and palpitations, and many patients show signs of exophthalmos (protruding eyes).
hyperthyroidism
How the thyroid is functioning is evaluated by _________.
nuclear medicine
An enlargement of the thyroid gland is a(n) _______, which is often visible on the anterior neck.
goiter
One of the most common forms of thyroid disease is __________.
multinodular goiter
___________ is characterized by these findings: hypermetabolism, diffuse toxic goiter, exophthalmos (inflammatory infiltration of the orbital tissue resulting in proptosis, or bulging of the eyes), and cutaneous manifestations (thickening of the dermis of the pretibial areas and the dorsum of the feet).
Grave’s Disease
A benign thyroid neoplasm characterized by complete fibrous encapsulation is a(n) _______.
adenoma
The most common of the thyroid malignancies is __________ of the thyroid and is the preponderant cause of thyroid cancer in children.
papillary cancer
The normal thyroid gland has a fine ________ echotexture that is more echogenic than the surrounding muscle structure.
homogeneous
A normal lymph node is oval in shape with a(n) __________ texture with a central core echo complex.
homogeneous
The _________ muscle is posterior and lateral to each thyroid lobe and appears as a hypoechoic triangular structure adjacent to the cervical vertebrae.
longus colli
A young woman presented with a palpable mass in her neck. Describe what the sonogram shows and what the arrows point to.
Shows heterogenous appearance within the adenoma with well-defined discrete borders. The arrows point to a hypoechoic halo surrounding the lesion.
An asymptomatic female patient appeared with a mass in her neck. Identify the sonographic findings.
A multinodular goiter with a complex sonographic pattern is present.
A 64-year-old male presented with a palpable mass in his neck. Identify the sonographic findings.
A solid mass of the thyroid is present.
