Fill in the Blanks

Question 1

The thyroid straddles the trachea anteriorly, whereas the paired lobes extend on either side bounded laterally by the ________ arteries and _________ veins.

Answer 1

carotid

jugular

Question 2

Along the anterior surface of the thyroid gland lie the _____ muscles, including the sternothyroid, omohyoid, sternohyoid, and sternocleidomastiod muscles.

Answer 2

strap

Question 3

The parathyroid glands are normally located on the ___________ surface of the thyroid gland.

Answer 3

posterior-medial

Question 4

The parathyroid glands are the ___________ organs in the body.

Answer 4

calcium-sensing

Question 5

The parathyroid glands produce _____________ and monitor the serum calcium feedback mechanism.

Answer 5

parathyroid hormone

Question 6

When the serum calcium level _______, the parathyroid glands are stimulated to release PTH.

Answer 6

decreases

Question 7

PTH acts on ______, _______, and intestine to enhance calcium absorption.

Answer 7

bone

kidney

Question 8

Primary hyperparathyroidism is characterized by __________, hypercalciuria, and low serum levels of phosphate.

Answer 8

hypercalcemia

Question 9

Primary hyperparathyroidism occurs when increased amounts of PTH are produced by a(n) ________, primary hyperplasia, or, rarely, carcinoma located in the parathyroid gland.

Answer 9

adenoma

Question 10

A chronic hypocalcemia caused by renal failure, vitamin D deficiency (rickets), or malsbsorption syndromes is ________ hyperparathyroidism.

Answer 10

secondary

Question 11

The thyroid gland is the part of the endocrine system that maintains the body _______, _______, and _________ through the synthesis, storage, and secretion of thyroid hormones.

Answer 11

metabolism
growth
development

Question 12

These hormones inclue triiodothyronine (______), thyroxine (_______), and _______.

Answer 12

T3
T4
calcitonin

Question 13

The mechanism for producing thyroid hormones is ______ metabolism.

Answer 13

iodine

Question 14

When the body needs thyroid hormones, it is released into the bloodstream by the action of thyrotropin, or thyroid-stimulating hormone (________), which is produced by the pituitary gland.

Answer 14

TSH

Question 15

The secretion of TSH is regulated by thyrotropin-releasing factor, which is produced by the _________.

Answer 15

hypothalmus

Question 16

The concentration of calcium in the blood is decreased by ________, which first acts on th bone to inhibit its breakdown.

Answer 16

calcitonin

Question 17

Low intake of iodine (goiter) in the body may cause either _________, or the inability of the thyroid to produce the proper amount of thyroid hormone, or a problem in the pituitary gland that does not control the thyroid production.

Answer 17

hypothyroidism

Question 18

The metabolic rate is dramatically increased __________, clinical signs include weight loss, increased appetite, high degreeof nervous energy,tremor, excessive sweating, heat intolerance, and palpitations, and many patients show signs of exophthalmos (protruding eyes).

Answer 18

hyperthyroidism

Question 19

How the thyroid is functioning is evaluated by _________.

Answer 19

nuclear medicine

Question 20

An enlargement of the thyroid gland is a(n) _______, which is often visible on the anterior neck.

Answer 20

goiter

Question 21

One of the most common forms of thyroid disease is __________.

Answer 21

multinodular goiter

Question 22

___________ is characterized by these findings: hypermetabolism, diffuse toxic goiter, exophthalmos (inflammatory infiltration of the orbital tissue resulting in proptosis, or bulging of the eyes), and cutaneous manifestations (thickening of the dermis of the pretibial areas and the dorsum of the feet).

Answer 22

Grave’s Disease

Question 23

A benign thyroid neoplasm characterized by complete fibrous encapsulation is a(n) _______.

Answer 23

adenoma

Question 24

The most common of the thyroid malignancies is __________ of the thyroid and is the preponderant cause of thyroid cancer in children.

Answer 24

papillary cancer

Question 25

The normal thyroid gland has a fine ________ echotexture that is more echogenic than the surrounding muscle structure.

Answer 25

homogeneous

Question 26

A normal lymph node is oval in shape with a(n) __________ texture with a central core echo complex.

Answer 26

homogeneous

Question 27

The _________ muscle is posterior and lateral to each thyroid lobe and appears as a hypoechoic triangular structure adjacent to the cervical vertebrae.

Answer 27

longus colli

Question 28

A young woman presented with a palpable mass in her neck. Describe what the sonogram shows and what the arrows point to.

Answer 28

Shows heterogenous appearance within the adenoma with well-defined discrete borders. The arrows point to a hypoechoic halo surrounding the lesion.

Question 29

An asymptomatic female patient appeared with a mass in her neck. Identify the sonographic findings.

Answer 29

A multinodular goiter with a complex sonographic pattern is present.

Question 30

A 64-year-old male presented with a palpable mass in his neck. Identify the sonographic findings.

Answer 30

A solid mass of the thyroid is present.