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Neuroanatomy Final > Fill in the Blanks > Flashcards

Fill in the Blanks Flashcards

1
Q

Receptors in carotid body/sinus are innervated by_____ fibres with primary sensory neurons in the ________(petrosal) __________.

A

CN IX

inferior

ganglia of CN IX

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2
Q

Anterior olfactory nucleus (within tract, posterior to bulb)

A
  • crossed and uncrossed (not shown) projections to bulb; the former throuqh the anterior commissure
  • Specific role is uncertain. Studies in rodents suggest anterior olfactory nucleus, used for left vs. right localization of odors

Note: Most olfactory information is ipsilateral
Remember that gustatory info is ipsilateral too.
These are two important exceptions

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3
Q

Cingulate gyrus

A

Limbic cortex above the corpus callosum

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4
Q

Posterior hypothalamic nucleus

A

contains neurons which respond to decreased blood temperature, initiate homeostatic mechanisms which conserve heat

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5
Q

Each taste bud has __________ of taste cells

A

multiple types

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6
Q

Projections from mitral cells within the ________ form the ________

A

olfactory bulb

olfactory tract

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7
Q

Cerebellum Major Functions

A

• Maintenance of posture & Balance • Maintenance of muscle tone • Coordination of voluntary motor activity

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8
Q

Fibres carrying the representation of the superior visual field (inferior retina) pass more _________ than fibres carrying the representation of the inferior visual field (superior retina).

A

laterally (Meyer’s loop)

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9
Q

______________ produced in ____________ of
hypothalamus, controls release of hermones from
adenohypophysis

A

Releasing factors

arcuate nucleus

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10
Q

The Hypothalamus

A

Regulates visceral activity

Helps maintain homeostasis

Involved with some emotional states, some aspects of memory (i.e. limbic function)

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11
Q

Inner hair cells

A

A single row of around 3500 cells

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12
Q

Cellular organization of the Cerebellum: Deep Cerebellar Nuclei

A

• Sit in the cerebellar white matter under the cerebellar cortex • Receive inhibitory inputs directly from Purkinje cells • Project directly out of the cerebellum to brainstem and thalamus

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13
Q

Visual areas concerned with form and color (originating from parvocellular ganglion cells; the ______ or _____ pathway) are in the _____ lobe.

A

ventral, “what”, temporal

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14
Q

ORN projections: Make synaptic contact mostly with the dendrites of __________

A

mitral cells.

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15
Q

Three distinct peduncles on each side of the cerebellum

A

• Superior Cerebellar Peduncle • Middle Cerebellar Peduncle • Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle

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16
Q

Other regions only have fewer layers: ____________; olfactory cortex and hippocampus).

A

archicortex (3 layers)

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17
Q

A unique type of retinal ganglion (<1% of all retinal ganglion cells) are involved with both the pupillary light reflex and the inputs to the SCN. This ganglion cell contains the photopigment _______ and is ___________

A

melanopsin, intrinsically photosensitive

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18
Q

Structure and function of outer hair cells in organ of Corti

A
  • Cilia do insert into tectorial membrane - Cilia contain achn, receptor potentials cause shortening of cilia; oscillation of length increase movements of basilar membrane, which in turn increases receptor potentials of inner hair cells
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19
Q

The ___________ is another recipient of direct input from retinal ganglion cells

A

superior colliculus

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20
Q

Parallel Fibres

A

• Each granule cell sends its axon from the granule layer to the molecular layer, where it bifurcates to form parallel fibres • Each Parallel fiber innervates many Purkinje cell dendrites

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21
Q

Subiculum

A

Located adjacent to dentate gyrus, on upper surface of parahippocampal gyrus

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22
Q

Fornix

A

Consists of fimbria, crus, body and columns

Represents output pathway from the hippocampal formation

Columns of fornix terminate in the mamillary bodies, a nucleus of the hypothalamus

Collaterals of fornix fibres project to other targets

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23
Q

Stimulation of amygdala

A

Produces feelings of fear and anxiety

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24
Q
A
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25
Q

Neural projections of PVH

A

Neurons project to dorsal motor nucleus of vagus

(parasympathetic control) and lateral horn in spinal cord (sympathetic control)

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26
Q

Organ of Corti

A
  1. Sound waves 2. Tympanic membrane pushing on middle ear bones 3. Stapes pushing on oval window 4. Pressure waves in scala vestibuli 5. Vibration of basilar membrane 6. Displacement of hair cells
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27
Q

Circumvallate

A

8-10 (250 taste buds each, contain about half the total number of taste buds on the tongue)

communicates with CN 9

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28
Q

The Direct Pathway

A

Activation increases cortical motor output, does not involve subthalamus Cortex — (Excitatory proj to) — Striatum — (Inhibitory proj to) — Globus pallidus interna — (Inhibitory proj to) — — Thalamus — (Excitatory proj to) — Cortex

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29
Q

Anterior lobe (Adenohypophysis)

A

Derived from Rathke’ s pouch, an outpocketing of developing oral cavity

Cells in adenohypophysis produce substances which:

Regulate release of hormones from endocrine glands (e.g. thyroid, adrenals)

Produce gonadotropins and growth hormone

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30
Q

Piriform cortex:

A

• Amygdala (periamygdaloid cortex)
• Parahippocampal gyrus
• Uncus
All structures highly associated with memory

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31
Q

The choroidal blood supply for the eye comes from ____________

Both sources come from the _________, itself a branch of the ________________

A

posterior ciliary arteries.

ophthalmic artery

internal carotid artery.

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32
Q

The primary visual cortex is sometimes called

A

striate cortex

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33
Q

baroreceptors monitoring blood pressure. =

A

Carotid Sinus

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34
Q

Signal carried to brain via _________ and _________, respectively,

A

CN X (vagus), CN VII (facial)

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35
Q

Mossy Fibres (afferents)

A
  • The majority of afferents to the cerebellar cortex
  • Arise from neurons throughout brainstem and spinal cord
  • Innervate granule cells (do not innervate Purkinje cells directly)
  • Send collateral projections to deep cerebellar nuclei
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36
Q

The suprachiasmatic nucleus

A

Receives input from the retina

Involved in the establishment of circadian rhythms based, in part, on length of daylight

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37
Q

Pupillary Reflex: Pretectal area neurons provide both crossed and uncrossed project ions to the __________

A

Nucleus of Edinger Westphal

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38
Q

Fibres carrying the __________ pass most posterior.

A

foveal representation

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39
Q

Foliate Pappillae

A

20 exist (100-150 taste buds each) located on the mediolateral parts of the tongue

communicates with CN 9 & CN 7

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40
Q

The ____________ is continuous with the _________ of the _________ around the ___________.

The _____ is one source of blood supply to the retina the other being branches of the __________

A

Sclera (white, fibrous, protective, outer layer of the eye)

dura mater

meningeal sheath

optic nerve

choroid

central retina artery.

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41
Q

Central projections of vestibular nuclei are widespread: list the 4 paths

A
  • To spinal cord
  • To (and from) cerebellum
  • To brainstem nuclei
  • To thalamus and cortex
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42
Q

Three deep cerebellar nuclei within each cerebellar hemisphere organized mediolaterally

A
  1. Fastigial Nucleus (medial) 2. Interposed Nucleus (intermediate) • Globose • Emboliform 3. Dentate Nucleus (lateral)
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43
Q

Neocortical neurons: _________: pyramidal cells; __________: basket cells (Ba), multipolar cells (M), Chandelier cells (C), bipolar cells (Bi), double bouquet cells (D)

A

Projection neurons

nonpyramidal cells

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44
Q

Structure and function of inner hair cells in organ of corti

A
  • only cells which detect sound - Stereocilia linked together at tips, move as a group - Perilymph bathes cell bodies, endolymph bathes cilia - Pressure waves in perilymph causes movement of basilar membrane which in turn moves hair cells; movement generates shear forces between cilia and endolymph (not tectorial membrane, as cilia of inner hair cells are not inserted in the membrane) - In cochlear hair cells, there are no kinocilium; however, direction of movement of the cilia determines electrical response: movement toward taller cilia excites cell Ion channels on cilia mechanically gated; movement opens channels allowing K+ entry, depolarizing cell and promoting Ca++ influx and release of transmitter
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45
Q

Molecular Layer

A
  • Most superficial layer
  • Consists mostly of Purkinje cell dendrites and parallel fibres
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46
Q

The different kinds of papillae on the tongue:

A

Fungiform

Foliate

Circumvallate

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47
Q

Posterior lobe (Neurohypophysis)

A

Derived from hypothalamus

Releases oxytocin and vasopressin (ADH)

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48
Q

The choroidal blood supply for the eye comes from _____

A

posterior ciliary arteries.

49
Q

Phineas Gage and the prefrontal cortex

A

Had a work accident and a pipe blew straight through a section of his brain, bblinding him in one eye and blasting out a piece of prefrontal cortex. Dude miraculously survived but went from being a responsible sweetheart, to becoming a raging asshole

50
Q

In _________a lot of attention has been devoted to ganglion cells that project to the ______________ and classified as:

___________- smaller, numerous (90°/ci ), that encode ___________

_________- larger, less numerous (5%), that are sensitive to __________

A

primates

thalamus (lateral geniculate nucleus)

Parvocellular

colour and form.

Magnocellular

movement

51
Q

Taste buds also found on
the epiglottis (larynx)
and soft palate. Signal
carried to brain via CN X
(vagus) and CN VII
(facial), respectively,

A
52
Q

Static Labyrinth

A

saccule and utricle • Measures relationship of head to gravity and linear acceleration

53
Q

Functional Cerebellum-CNS Pathways: Vestibulocerebellar Pathway

A

• Involved in processing vestibular information that aids in the maintenance of posture and balance (equilibrium) • Important in the coordination of head/eye movements (receives input from superior colliculus)

54
Q

How does the organ of corti interpret sound?

A
  1. Sound waves
  2. Tympanic membrane pushing on middle ear bones
  3. Stapes pushing on oval window
  4. Pressure waves in scala vestibuli
  5. Vibration of basilar membrane
  6. Displacement of hair cells
55
Q

All types of cells expressing the same receptor converge on 1-2 ________

A

glomeruli

56
Q

Both sources come from the ________, itself a branch of the___________

A

ophthalmic artery, internal carotid artery.

57
Q

Functional Cerebellum-CNS Pathways: Cerebrocerebellar Pathway

A

• Regulates the initiation, planning and timing of volitional motor activity (coordinates movement) • Distinct from spinocerebellum in that the source of guiding information is from cerebral cortex as opposed to input from proprioceptive organs in the periphery

58
Q

The ________ response of the ON and OFF pathways are produced by two types of ___________ that endow subsequent __________ with the same response sign

A

center

bipolar cells

ganglion cells

59
Q

Dentate gyrus

A

Consists of three cell layers, but middle layer made up of granule cells

60
Q

Write out the crossed and uncrossed inputs terminate in specific layers:

A

6 Crossed
5 Uncrossed
4 Crossed
3 Uncrossed
2 Uncrossed
1 Crossed

61
Q

Granular Layer

A
  • Deepest layer
  • Consists of mostly small granule cells arrange in a dense stratum many cells thick
62
Q

Another target of certain retinal ganglion cells is the _________ _________ of the hypothalamus.

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus

63
Q

Cerebellum Other Functions

A

• Articulation of speech • Respiratory movements • Motor learning

64
Q

The Indirect Pathway

A

Activation decreases cortical motor output, does involve subthalamus Cortex — (Excitatory proj to) —Striatum — (Inhibitory proj to) — Globus pallidus externa — (Inhibitory proj to) — — Subthalamus — (Excitatory proj to) — Globus pallidus interna — (Inhibitory proj to) — Thalamus — (Excitatory proj to) — Cortex

65
Q

Input and Output Tracts: Superior Cerebellar Peduncle

A

Composed of outputs (efferents) from the cerebellum to the red nucleus and thalamus

66
Q

Anatomical constituents of the Limbic System

A

Anatomically made up of a group of interconnected structures on the midline which surround the corpus callosum and thalamus (hence “limbus” or rim), along with associated hypothalamic and thalamic nuclei and the pathways which interconnect them

67
Q

Broca’s patient “Tan” Leborgne

A

Lesion where broca’s area is named after, the guy couldn’t talk. Broca’s area is associated with speech disorders.

68
Q

2 nd-order gustatory neurons in the rostral _______ project to 3rd-order neurons in the …

A

Solitary Nucleus

69
Q

Olfactory Cortex Allocortex

A

(“paleocortex,” 3-5 layers); receives direct input from the bulb, not via the thalamus

70
Q

Most (95%) of cerebral cortex is _______ and has (in the adult or during development) _______.

A

neocortex

six layers

71
Q

Archicortex consisting of three cell layers:

A

Molecular layer
Pyramidal cell layer
Polymorphic layer

72
Q

Excitatory Neurotransmitters

A

-glutamate -acetycholine -dopamine -serotonin (5-HT)

73
Q

______________ nucleus of the thalamus via the ____________. Thalamic neurons project to the …

A

Ventral posteromedial (VPM), central tegmental tract

74
Q

Spinothalamic Tract: First Order Neurons

A

·Cell bodies in the DRG, central axons projects to the nucleus proprius

75
Q

Outer hair cells

A

Three to five rows of around 15,000 cells

76
Q

Taste buds also found on the ________ and _______

A

epiglottis (larynx), soft palate.

77
Q

Other regions only have fewer layers: _________;
parahippocampal gyrus, olfactory bulb and other olfactory areas)

A

paleocortex (4-5 layers

78
Q

The principal central projection pathway is the
______________ from the olfactory bulb to
the __________(temporal lobe).

A

lateral olfactory tract,

primary olfactory cortex

79
Q

Anterior hypothalamic area

A

consists of the medial preoptic and anterior nuclei

Neurons in medial preoptic nucleus respond to increase in blood temperature, initiate homeostatic
mechanisms to reduce temperature

80
Q

Medial vestibulospinal pathway

A

(descending MLF) originates in medial vestibular nucleus, descends crossed and uncrossed to cervical cord

81
Q

Different types of neocortex:__________ (1; dominated by pyramidal cells; motor areas); _________(5; few pyramidal; sensory areas).

A

agranular cortex

granular cortex

82
Q

ORN projections: All types of cells expressing the same receptor converge on 1-2 ______

A

glomeruli

83
Q

There are two _______ layers and four _______ layers.

A

magnocellular, parvocellular

84
Q

Question: What part of the olfactory receptor cells detects odorants/chemical structures?

A

The cilia directly detect the odorants

85
Q

Kluver-Bucy syndrome

A

* Produced by bilateral temporal lobectomy
* Results in docility, aberrant eating behaviour, excessive sexual activity, inability to learn new tasks and form new memories

86
Q

Each taste cell has a __________ of receptor

A

single type

87
Q

Septal region

A

Area of gray matter just below genu of corpus callosum

88
Q

Physical signs of the following diseases:

Parkinson’s disease:

Huntington’s disease:

A

Largely Substantia Nigra

Largely Caudate and Putamen

89
Q

Input and Output Tracts: Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle

A

• Composed mainly of inputs (afferents) to the cerebellum from the spinal cord and brainstem (including vestibular nuclei)

90
Q

Basal Ganglia consists of:

A
  • Neostriatum (Caudate Nucleus & Putamen)
  • Paleostriatum (globus pallidus)
  • Subthalamic nuclei
  • Substantia nigra
91
Q

The _________ must pass around (lateral) to the lateral ventricle.

A

optic radiations

92
Q

Functional Cerebellum-CNS Pathways: Spinocerebellar Pathway

A

• Receives proprioceptive information from muscles • Controls muscle tone and postural control over axial and distal muscle groups while stationary and during locomotion

93
Q

Memory:

A

Thought to involve hippocampal formation and its connections

94
Q

Inhibitory Neurotransmitters:

A

-GABA -glycine -dopamine -serotonin (5-HT)

95
Q

Spinothalamic Tract: Second Order Neurons

A

cell bodies in the dorsal horn ·\ project to the thalamus via spinal lemniscus.

96
Q

“H.M.” and effects of removal of medial temporal regions bilaterally

A

Very short term memory preserved

Long term memories (i.e. from childhood) retained

Unable to transfer short term to long term memory, thus unable to retain newly acquired information, form new memories

Spatial orientation compromised

97
Q

Melanopsin ganglion cells or ____________________ respond to photons like rods and cones but reside in the ganglion cell layer.

A

intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs)

98
Q

Purkinje Cells

A
  • The only cells that project out of the cerebellar cortex
  • The majority project to deep cerebellar nuclei
  • Few project directly out of the cerebellum
99
Q

chemoreceptors monitoring blood 02 , (and to some extent blood CO2 and pH). =

A

Carotid Body

100
Q

Fungiforn papillae

A

approx 250 of then (3-5 taste buds each) located on front sides of tongue

communicates with CN 7

101
Q

Big five tastes

A

Salty

Sour

Bitter

Umami

Sweet

102
Q

In general, visual areas concerned with motion and location (originating from magnocellular ganglion cells; the _____or _____ pathway) are located in the ______ lobe

A

Dorsal, “where”, parietal

103
Q

________________ (insula, frontal lobe operculum).

A

Primary gustatory cortex

104
Q

Kinetic labyrinth

A

semicircular canals and their ampullae • Measures angular acceleration and direction of rotation of head

105
Q

Input and Output Tracts: Middle Cerebellar Peduncle

A

• Largest of the three peduncles • Composed almost exclusively of inputs (afferents) from contralateral pontine nuclei

106
Q

Microvilli Pathway

A

Transduction -> depolarization -> neurotransmitter release -> cranial nerves

107
Q

Purkinje Layer

A
  • Middle layer
  • Single cell layer of large Pu rkinje cell bodies
108
Q

Pupilllary refllex: Certain types of retinal ganglion cells project to the __________ (anterior to superior colliculus but posterior to thalamus; some debate about whether it should be considered a midbrain or diencephalic structure).

A

pretectal area

109
Q

Olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) terminate (form synapses) on neurons in the _________.

A

olfactory bulb

110
Q

Lateral vestibulospinal pathway

A

originates in lateral vestibular pathway, descends without crossing throughout length of cord

111
Q

Hormonal secretions from PVH and SON

A

Magnocellular neurons in both nuclei give rise to axons which project to posterior lobe of pituitary

Oxytocin produced in PVH transported by axoplasmic flow to neurohypophysis.

Powerful smooth muscle stimulant Vasopressin (ADH) produced in SON transported to neurohypophysis by axoplasm1ic flow. Causes water resorption from distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct of kidney

112
Q

The primary visual cortex is associated with the

A

calcarine sulcus.

113
Q

Spinothalamic Tract: Third Order Neurons

A

cell bodies in thalamus ventral posterollateral nucleus, VPL) project to the somatosensory cortex.

114
Q

A single taste ______ contains ________. Taste cells (TC) have a life span of only _________.

A

bud, 50-100 taste cells. 7-10 days.

115
Q

The visual cortex arranges its neurons in modular

A

columns

116
Q

Climbing Fibres (afferents)

A
  • Exclusively arise from neurons in the contralateral inferior olivary nucleus
  • Directly project to the molecular layer innervating Purkinje cell dendrites
  • Send collateral projections to deep cerebellar nuclei
117
Q

What do cerebellar peduncles do?

A

• Carry information between the cerebellum and nuclei throughout the brainstem and thalamus (with some inputs to the cerebellum also directly from the spinal cord)

118
Q

Korsakoff’s syndrome

A

Degeneration of neurons in mamillary bodies, dorsomedial nucleus of thalamus

May produce retrograde and anterograde amnesia, frontal lobe symptoms

119
Q

Functional attributes of the Limbic System

A

Functionally involved with: 1. Emotional states and behavioural activities related to the preservation of the individual and the species; 2. Certain aspects of memory

Neuroanatomy Final (2 decks)

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