Fill in the blank questions (Chapter 3 and 4) Flashcards
The size of the action potential is independent of the stimulus magnitude, a phenomenon that is referred to as the —- property of action potentials?
All or none
Inside the nerve cell there is a high concentration of —- ions, while outside there is a high concentration of — ions?
potassium, sodium
The — are regularly spaced along the lengths of the myelinated axons.
nodes of Ranvier
The — is the site at which the action potential is initiated?
axon hillock
The generation of action potential depends on —- channels, which are opened through a process of regenerative —-
sodium, depolarization
In —- clamping, the membrane potential of an axon is measured and manipulated; —- clamping allows the manipulation and analysis of part of a membrane, even a single ion channel.
voltage, patch
The toxins TTX and STX both block — channels, preventing the production of —
sodium, action potentials
The electrical potential across a semipermeable membrane separating different concentrations of ions is most accurately predicted by the — equation
Goldman
Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials are characterized by —– of the postsynaptic membrane
hyperpolarization
—– synapses work with practically no time delay, whereas —- synapses have a delay on the order of about a millisecond
Electrical, chemical
The enzyme — breaks down molecules of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, stopping its action at synapses
acetylcholinesterase
Any substance that binds to a receptor is known as a(n)
ligand
The number of receptors for a particular transmitter that are present in the brain may vary as a consequence of —- factors, biological —–, or the effects of —–
developmental, rhythms, drugs
Transporter molecules are involved in the —- of the neurotransmitter from the synapse
removal
The amount of transmitter released at an axon terminal is proportional to the amount of — that enters the axon terminal
calcium
—- inform the presynaptic neurons about the net concentration of transmitter in the synaptic cleft and help regulate future transmitter release
Autoreceptors
Simple partial seizures are characterized by —- and —– EEG activity
spike, wave
—- Seizures are characterized by periods of enduring contractions alternating with periods of jerky, rhythmic contraction and relaxation
Tonic-clonic
Loss of consciousness and symmetrical involvement of the body are characteristic of —- seizures
generalized
Event-related potentials are particularly useful for diagnosing problems with
hearing
Halorhodopsin is stimulated by —– light and allows —- ions to enter the cell
yellow, chloride
Match each lettered item with an item from the numbered list below
a. Sodium
b. Potassium
c. Chloride
d. Calcium
- depolarizes neurons when it crosses cell membrane during an action potential
- involved with the binding of neurotransmitter vesicles in the axon terminal
- hyperpolarizes neurons when it crosses cell membrane after an action potential
- hyperpolarizes neurons when it enters cell
a: 1, b: 3, c: 4, d: 2
The endogenous opiates belong to the —- family of neurotransmitters
peptide
At present, at least — different types of receptors for dopamine have been identified
five
The —- system is a dopamine-containing projection that originates in the substantia nigra and projects to the basal ganglia
mesostriatal
The NMDA, AMPA, and kainate receptors are all — receptors
glutamate
The enzyme responsible for breaking down molecules of the transmitter acetylcholine is
acetylcholinesterase
The two types of acetylcholine receptors are called —- and —
nicotinic, muscarinic
The enzyme responsible for breaking down molecules of transmitters such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin is
monoamine oxidase
A major source of fibers containing norepinephrine
locus coeruleus
The affinities of drugs are expressed in units of concentration, the higher the affinity, the —- the concentration
lower
The receptors for the neurotransmitter glutamate are called kainate receptors, NMDA receptors, and —– receptors
AMPA
The fact that the drug naxolone may suppress alcohol consumption suggests that the —- system may be involved in the effects of alcohol on the brain
opiate
The drug ecstasy, or MDMA, is a hallucinogenic form of
amphetamine
The active ingredient of marijuana, THC, exerts its effects on the brain through interactions with —- receptors
cannabinoid
The molecular structure of LSD resembles the neurotransmitter
serotonin
2-AG is a type of —-
endocannabinoid
The —- model of drug abuse considers abuse to be a consequence of the desire to avoid withdrawal symptoms
physical dependence
A common feature of addictive drugs appears to be that they cause the release of — in the —–
dopamine, nucleus accumbens
The — is an area of the brain which, when lesioned, allows patients to quit smoking effortlessly
insula
One novel approach to the treatment of drug abuse involves the use of —- directed against the drug molecules, resulting in a reduction in the concentration of the drug in the blood
antibodies
a. LSD
b. Ketamine
c. Muscarine
d. Diazepam (Valium)
e. Caffeine
f. Heroin
- GABA receptors
- Acetylcholine receptors
- Adenosine receptors
- Opiate receptors
- NMDA receptors
- Serotonin receptors
a: 6, b: 5, c: 2, d: 1, e: 3, f: 4
