File 6 Vocabulary

Question 1

Semantics

Answer 1

is a subfield of linguistics that studies linguistic meaning and how expressions convey meanings.

Question 2

Sense

Answer 2

Mental representations of their meaning.

Question 3

Reference

Answer 3

Proper names present the simplest case.

Question 4

Hyponymy

Answer 4

a meaning relationship between words where the reference of some word X is included in the reference of some other word Y. X is then said to be a hyponym of Y, and conversely, Y is said to be a hypernym of X.

Question 5

Synonymy

Answer 5

A meaning relationship between words where their reference is exactly the same. For example, couch and sofa are synonyms.

Question 6

Antonymy

Answer 6

a meaning relationship between words where their meanings are in some sense opposite.

Question 7

Gradable

Answer 7

words that are antonyms and denote opposite ends of a scale. AKA gradable pairs and as scalar antonyms.

Question 8

Proposition

Answer 8

The sense expressed by a sentence. Characteristically, propositions can be true or false. Have truth values.

Question 9

truth value

Answer 9

either true or false. The reference of a sentence.

Question 10

Principle of compositionality

Answer 10

the notion that the meaning of a phrasal expression is predictable from the meanings of the expressions it contains and how they were syntactically combined.

Question 11

Compositional

Answer 11

the meaning of a phrasal expression that is predictable from the meanings of smaller expression it contains and how they are syntactically combined.

Question 12

Idioms

Answer 12

a multi-word lexical expression whose meaning is not compositional.

Question 13

Intersective adjectives

Answer 13

an adjective whose reference is determined independently from the reference of the noun that it modifies.

Question 14

Relative intersection

Answer 14

types of relationship between adjective and noun reference where the reference of the adjective is determined relative to the noun reference.

Question 15

Subsective adjectives

Answer 15

an adjective whose reference is included in the set of things that the noun it modifies refers to.

Question 16

anti-intersection adjectives

Answer 16

an adjective whose referents are not in the set referred to by the noun that it modifies.

Question 17

Mutual entailment

Answer 17

the relationship between two propositions where they entail one another.

Question 18

Incompatible

Answer 18

the relationship between two propositions where it is impossible for both of them to be true simultaneously.

Question 19

entailment

Answer 19

a relationship between propositions where a proposition p is said to entail another proposition q just incase p is true, q has to be true as well.

Question 20

truth conditions

Answer 20

the set of conditions that would have to hold in the world in order for the proposition expressed by some sentence to be true.

Question 21

Reverses

Answer 21

antonyms in which one word in the pair suggests movement that “undoes” the movement suggested by the other.

Question 22

Converses

Answer 22

Antonyms in which the first word of the pair suggests a point of view opposite to that of the second word.

Question 23

sister terms

Answer 23

Words that, in terms of their reference, are at the same level in the hierarchy. Have exactly the same hypernyms.

Question 24

Mental image

Answer 24

A conception of a word’s sense as a picture in the mind of the language user that represents its meaning.

Question 25

Prototype

Answer 25

For any given set, a member that exhibits the typical qualities of the members of that set.

Question 26

Referents

Answer 26

An actual entity or an individual in the world to which some expression refers.

Question 27

Dictionary-Style Definitions

Answer 27

defines words in terms of other words, but that also reflects the way that speakers of a language really use that word.

Question 28

Mental Image Defintions

Answer 28

A conception of a word’s sense as a picture in the mind of the language user that represents its meaning.

Question 29

Usage-Based Definitions

Answer 29

A characterization of a word’s sense based on the way that the word is used by speakers of a language.

Question 30

Pure intersection

Answer 30

The relationship between the reference of an adjective and a noun it modifies such that each picks out a particular group of things, and the reference of the resulting phrase is all of the things that are in both the reference set of the adjective and the reference set of the noun.