Filariasis

Question 0

what are the species of subcutaneous tissue nematodes?

Answer 0

dracunculus medinensis
onchocerca volvulus
Loa loa

Question 1

name species of lymphatic tissue nematodes

Answer 1

wuchereria bancrofti
brugia malayi
brugia timori

Question 2

what tissue nematodes at the conjunctiva?

Answer 2

Loa loa

Question 3

the disease filariasis also known as……..

Answer 3

elephantitis

Question 4

filariasis in Malaysia caused by……

Answer 4

brugia malayi

Question 5

diagnostic stage of Brugia malayi is…….

Answer 5

presence of microfilaria in blood

Question 6

Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi are nocturnal and sub-periodic periodicity. the best time to take blood for diagnosis is……

Answer 6

at night, greater no of microfilaria in blood.

Question 7

name the vectors for lymphatic filariasis

Answer 7

Culex, Aedes - china, India, Indonesia
Anopheles - Malaysia
Mansonia - Brugia filariasis

Question 8

diagnostic stage for lymphatic filariasis

Answer 8

sheathed microfilaria in blood and lymph

Question 9

infective stage of lymphatic filariasis

Answer 9

L3 larvae

Question 10

reproduction of lymphatic filariasis is through…..

Answer 10

sexual reproduction of male and female adult worms

Question 11

pathogenic lymphatic filaria can cause…..

Answer 11

adult worm reside at lymphatic vessels causing primary lesion, lymph stasis results fibrosis ➡️ obstruction to lymphatic drainage ➡️ massive oedema-elephantitis

Question 12

describe the morphology of filariae

Answer 12

female larger than male
worm like with larger head (no nucleus) and tapered tail
multiple nuclei at body

Question 13

explain how microfilaria causes chyluria in filariasis

Answer 13

renal lymphatic sys dilated caused by mf ▶️ ruptured ▶️ lymph fluid passed into renal pelvic ▶️ milky urine. haematuria and proteinuria may also present

Question 14

clinical diagnosis of lymphatic filariasis

Answer 14

Acute - lymphadenitis

chronic - elephantitis

Question 15

explain the morphology of Wuchereria bancrofti

Answer 15

no terminal nuclei, sheath faintly stained, sweeping curve appearance, discrete nuclei

Question 16

define morphology of Brugia malayi

Answer 16

2 distinct nuclei, kinky appearance, sheath well stained, blurred compact nuclei

Question 17

diagnostic method of lymphatic filariasis

Answer 17

ELISA, thick and thin blood smear taken at night,

Question 18

management of lymphatic filariasis

Answer 18

drugs- DEC, Albendazole +ivermectin, antibiotic (secondary), apply pressure for elephantitis, foot hygiene

Question 19

Dracunculus medinensis is also known as…..

Answer 19

guinea worm

Question 20

name the reservoir for Dracunculus medinensis

Answer 20

dogs or fur-bearing animal that’ve contact with water containing infective cyclops

Question 21

How humans get infected with Dracunculus medinensis?

Answer 21

drinking water contaminated by cyclops containing L3 larvae of Dracunculus medinensis

Question 22

describe the life cycle of Dracunculus medinensis

Answer 22

water containing L3 larvae in cyclops ▶️ cyclops die, L3 larvae release, penetrate stomach and intestinal wall, mature and reproduce sexually, male dies ▶️ fertilized female migrate to skin, discharge larva ▶️ female emerge from skin, L1 larvae released into water ▶️ L1 larvae consume by cyclops ▶️ L1 to L3 in cyclop

Question 23

clinical diagnosis of guinea worm disease

Answer 23

increase WBC- eosinophils, observe ulcer, flood with water to recover larvae, serum immunology, x-ray (reveals worm at infected area)

Question 24

treatment of Guinea Worm Disease

Answer 24

flood ulcerated area, gentle traction to pull worm slowly, stop when resistence met, worm wrapped around stick to mantain tension and encourage more worms to come out topical antibiotic

Question 25

Onchocerca volvulus also known as.....

Answer 25

thread worm

Question 26

what is the vector for Onchocerca volvulus

Answer 26

blackfly (genus Simulium), usually many repeated bites are needed to cause pathogenicity

Question 27

describe the life cycle of Onchocerca volvulus

Answer 27

L3 larvae entar through blackfly bite ▶️ infect subcutaneous tissue, mature, mate ▶️ produce unsheathed microfilariae usually at skin, can be in blood, urine, sputum ▶️ blackfly take bloodmeal ▶️ L1 to L3 ▶️ migrate to head and prboscis ▶️ infect by blackfly to other human

Question 28

describe the clinical presentation of Onchocerca volvulus

Answer 28

sypmtoms 1-3 years after infection, at time adult females produce microfilariae causes : rashes, papular skin lesion, subcut nodules, itch, depigment skin, lymphadenitis, eye lesion (blindness)

Question 29

diagnosis of Onchocerciasis by Onchocerca volvulus

Answer 29

skin snip, slit-lamp examination (visualize the larvae), serologic test specific for Onchocerca: OV-16 antigen antibody test and LIPS assay, PCR

Question 30

describe the management of Onchocerciasis

Answer 30

Ivermectin (kill larvae only) Doxycycline (able to kill adult worm) no vaccine

Question 31

preventive measure of Onchocerciasis

Answer 31

repellant, wearing long sleeves and long pants during the day

Question 32

Vector for Loa loa is...

Answer 32

deerfly (day time)

Question 33

loaiasis caused by Loa loa also known as....

Answer 33

Loa loa filariasis, Filaria loa, Filaria lacriminalis, Filaria subconjunctivalis, Calabar swellings, Fugitive swelling.

Question 34

describe the life cycle of Loa loa in deerfly..

Answer 34

deerfly takes bloodmeal ▶️ microfilariae shed sheath, penetrate fly's midgut, migrate to thoracic muscle ▶️ L1 larvae mature to L3 ▶️ migrate to fly's sproboscis ▶️ enter human host when deerfly takes bloodmeal

Question 35

clinical presentation of Loaiasis

Answer 35

can be asymptomatic, swelling of eyelids, calabar swelling/retinopathy, lipymphadenitis

Question 36

diagnosis of Loaiasis

Answer 36

clinical presentation (eye), eosinophilia on blood test after travel, larvae identificTion taken from blood smear between 10am to 2pm, serology

Question 37

Management of Loaiasis

Answer 37

Diethercarbamazine (DEC) -kill adult worm and microfilariae surgical removal of worm from infected eye protection from fly bite (repellant)