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Equine Clinical Practice Exam 1 > Field Anesthesia > Flashcards

Field Anesthesia Flashcards

1
Q

IV anesthesia is safely used for how long in horses?

A

Up to 1 hour

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2
Q

What are the contributing factors for mortality from anesthesia in horses?

A

Age
Duration of surgery
Drugs used for sedation
Inhalants

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3
Q

Preanesthetics must induce:

A

a state of calmness

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4
Q

What two arrhythmias are common in horses?

A

AV Block (1st and 2nd)
A-fib

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5
Q

What is an acceptable amount of time to fast a horse before anesthesia?

A

4-6 hours in general
Some need up to 24-48 hours

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6
Q

What are the three commonly used groups of anesthetics used for standing sedation and premedication?

A

Alpha2- agonists
Phenothiazines
Opioids

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7
Q

The two most common Alpha-2s used are:

A

Xylazine, Detomidine

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8
Q

Alpha-2 agonists cause 3 main effects, which are:

A

Sedation
Muscle relaxation
Analgesia

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9
Q

Peak effect of alpha-2 agonists occurs _____ minutes after IM injection or _____ minutes after IV injection

A

10-15 minutes; 3-5 minutes

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10
Q

T/F: Xylazine is more potent than Detomidine (Dormosedan)

A

FALSE
Dorm is more potent

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11
Q

Two of the main side effects of using Alpha-2s for sedation is:

A

Colic (GI dysmotility)
Increased urination

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12
Q

What are the potential reversal agents for Alpha-2 agonists?

A

Yohimbine, Atipemazole, Tolazoline

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13
Q

What should you always hold onto for horses sedated with alpha-2s?

A

The Halter

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14
Q

Oral detomidine takes how long to kick in?

A

~45 minutes

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15
Q

What is the protocol for delivering a Detomidine CRI for standing sedation procedures >20 minutes (lacerations, laser surgery, thoracoscopy) for a 1,000 lb. horse?

A
  1. 3mg Detomidine IV
  2. 12mg Detmodine in 250mLs NaCL
  3. Adjust rate up or down as needed throughout procedure
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16
Q

The most common phenothiazine used in horses is:

A

Acepromazine

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17
Q

What are the characteristics of using Acepromazine as sedation in horses? (4)

A
  1. Onset 15-30 minutes
  2. Duration 6-10 hours
  3. Minimal muscle relaxation & ataxia
  4. No analgesia
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18
Q

What are the potential side effects of using acepromazine?

A

-Priaprism (caution in breeding stallions)
-Hypotension

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19
Q

Which sedative class is more effective when used in conjunction with dissociatives?

A

Alpha-2 agonists

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20
Q

What are the 3 main opioids used in equine sedation protocols?

A

Butorphanol
Morphine
Transdermal Fentanyl

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21
Q

Why do we give opioids in addition to tranquilizers?

A

Opioids can cause excitement when given alone

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22
Q

What are the common drugs/classes used for induction and total IV anesthesia (TIVA)?

A

Dissociatives (Ketamine, Telazol)
Benzodiazepines (Midazolam, Diazepam)
Propofol

23
Q

Which drug class causes muscle relaxation during induction and TIVA?

A

Benzodiazapines

24
Q

Use of dissociatives results in a smoother induction and recovery when used in conjunction with:

A

Alpha-2 Agonists

25
Q

The duration of Ketamine/Alpha-2 anesthesia is approximately:

A

15-20 minutes

26
Q

When giving Xylazine and Ketamine together, the dose should be ______ IV for Xylazine and ______ IV for Ketamine

A

1 mg/kg (2 mg/kg if IM)
2 mg/kg

27
Q

Adding what drug to xylazine and ketamine causes smoother induction & more muscle relaxation?

A

Diazepam
(0.02-0.1 mg/kg IV)

28
Q

What is a potential negative side effect when using Telazol for anesthesia?

A

Prolonged/rough recovery when used with Xylazine

29
Q

Telazol is the brand name for the combination of which two drugs, and what is the appropriate dosage?

A

Tiletamine & Zolazepam
1-2 mg/kg IV

30
Q

TKD is short-hand for:

A

Telazol-Ketamine-Detomidine

31
Q

How do we prepare TKD for anesthesia and waht is the dose?

A

-Reconstitute Telazol powder with 4mL Ketamine and 1 mL Detomidine
-3mL/550 kg horse

32
Q

What is the onset/recovery time for TKD?

A

Recumbency in 1 minute; sternal in 36 minutes/standing in 40 minutes

33
Q

T/F: TKD alone is sufficient anesthesia for surgery

A

FALSE
Do not use alone for surgery

34
Q

What are the “muscle relaxant” drugs/drug classes?

A

Guaifenesin
Benzodiazepines

35
Q

Guaifenesin does not induce _____ and has no _____

A

Unconsciousness, analgesia

36
Q

What are the signs of Guaifenesin overdose (~200 mg/kg)?

A

Extension of forelimbs
Labored breathing
Resp/cardiac arrest

37
Q

What are the two main benzodiazepenes used in horses?

A

Diazepam, Midazolam

38
Q

When are Benzodiazepenes used alone?

A

Young foals

39
Q

Which Benzo is appropriate for IM use?

A

Midazolam- water soluble

40
Q

Propofol is often limited in equine medicine because:

A

COST (need large quantities)

41
Q

What limits the usefulness of Propofol in the field?

A

Respiratory depression

42
Q

What other drugs can decrease the dose needed of propofol?

A

Guaifenesin, Ketamine

43
Q

What are the best methods to prolong xylazine/ketamine anesthesia?

A
  1. Give 1/3 to 1/2 xylazine and ketamine
  2. Add Guaifenesin/Ket or GKX
  3. Use Detomidine first instead of xylazine
  4. Give 1/4-1/2 ketamine & valium
44
Q

What is a “Triple Drip?”

A

Guaifenesin
Ketamine
Xylazine

45
Q

How do we make a “triple drip” solution?

A

1L 5% Guaifenesin + 500mg xylazine + 1-2g Ketamine

46
Q

When is triple drip most commonly used?

A

Induction in foals

47
Q

Signs of triple drip overdose is most similar to:

A

A horse in light anesthetic plane

48
Q

Why is it important to remove a halter during anesthesia?

A

Avoid facial nerve paralysis

49
Q

What 3 eye signs can indicate a light plane of anesthesia?

A

Brisk palpebral
Tearing
Occasional nystagmus

50
Q

As a horse gets lighter in their anesthetic plane, their HR ______ while respiratory rate _______

A

HR remains static, RR becomes more rapid and forceful

51
Q

Healthy horses can tolerate hypoxia for up to:

A

45-60 minutes

52
Q

Most injuries during anesthesia occur during __________, and injuries are more common when:

A

Induction/Recovery
Horse tries to stand too early

53
Q

Techniques for recovering a horse in the field:

A

-Remove debris
-Tail assist
-Good footing
-Cover eyes with cloth
-Cotton in ears
-Prevent horse from gaining too much momentum

Equine Clinical Practice Exam 1 (10 decks)

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