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FHD AKT Flashcards

1
Q

Generally chosen towards high sensitivity not to miss potential disease

A

Screening

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2
Q

Chosen towards high specificity (true negatives). More weight given to accuracy & precision than to patient acceptability

A

Diagnosis

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3
Q

if test is -ve high degree of certainty that the test subject does not have disease is the definition of ….

if test is +ve may or may not have the disease (many may test false +ve)

A

high sensitivity

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4
Q

if test is positive, there is a high degree of certainty of having the disease.

if test is negative, may or may not have the disease

is the definition of …..

A

high specificity

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5
Q

the lower the prevalence, the …… the PPV

A

lower

Prevalance similar change to PPV, opposite change to NPV

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6
Q

As prevalence increases, …. increases but ….. decreases

A

PPV increases

NPV decreases

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7
Q

Which type of test is better to rule in a disease, and which one is better to rule out?

A

⇒ A specific test is good to rule in a disease when its results are positive,

⇒ whereas a sensitive test is good to rule out a disease when its results are negative.

SnOut: Sensitivity (SN) rules Out (when the test is negative)

SpIn: Specificity (SP) rules In (when the test is positive)

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8
Q

What is the most important diagnostic test characteristic for a screening test, and what is it for a confirmatory test?

A

⇒ A screening test needs to be sensitive, and a confirmatory test needs to be specific.

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9
Q

Define Primordal, primary, secondary, tertiary & quaternary prevention

A
  • Primordal → targets population before disease onset
  • Primary (vaccination & health promotion),
    • Goal ⇒ prevention of disease onset
    • targets healthy individuals

Secondary
- (screening & early detection of disease)
- Goal ⇒ prevent disease progression (early detection)
targets asymptomatic individuals with subclinical disease

Tertiary (integrated patient-centred disease management).

- Goal ⇒ Reduce disease **severity** (disability) & associated complications
- illness & disease both present ⇒ targeting clinical & outcome stages of the disease

Quaternary

- identify patients with illness not disease.
- Goal ⇒ reduce **over-medicalisation**
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10
Q

Differentiate between the 3 cytoskeleton component: Microfilaments vs intermediate filaments vs Microtubules

A

Microfilaments e.g. Actin

  • Mainly Cellular MOTION (Muscle contraction)
  • but also transport medium
Intermediate filaments 
   - Support & Tension (STRENGTH - rope like structures) 
   - Anchor  
(composed of a group of fibrous proteins) e.g. 
Keratin (think of hair), 
Vimentin, 
Lamins, 
Neurofilament proteins
Microtubules e.g. alpha & beta TUBULIN 
   - Transport
   - Structural motility 
   - Cell division   
=> Dynamic structures 
=> regulated by numerous BINDING Partners
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11
Q

…. the concept that the nervous system is made up of discrete, individual cells which are mutually dependent upon one another.

A

Neuronal doctrine

  • discrete, individual cells
  • mutually dependent
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12
Q

father of neuroscience

A

⇒ Santiago Ramon Cajal

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13
Q

…… support synapses, form blood brain barrier around blood vessels

A

⇒ Astrocytes

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14
Q

most common type of neuron

A

Multipolar
⇒ >dendrites
⇒ single axon

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15
Q

SINGLE dendrite on ONE side
Axon on the other side
SOMA in middle
Often act as SENSORY neurons

A

Bipolar neuron

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16
Q

What type (class) of neuron is the below describing ?

soma sticks out, connected by only a neurite that then branches to form the dendrite & axon

common process:

  • peripheral process (Sensory)
  • central process (CNS)
A

pseudounipolar

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17
Q

Neuralgia are

A

Glial cells

18
Q

Oligodenedrocytes vs Schwann cell

A

Oligodenedrocytes
⇒ create White matter
⇒ only in CNS

⇒ Myelinated multiple axons ⇒ wrap around axon ⇒ creating white matter

⇒ Cell with few processes

** in PNS Schwann cells myelinate neurons, as there are no oligodendrocytes in PNS. One Schwann cell myelinated one axon in PNS, but Oligodenedrocytes can myelinate multiple axons**

19
Q

Type of glial cell that are never at rest because even when they are quiescent they are phagocytic. Activated by pathogens

A

Microglial cells

20
Q

Myelin consists of

A

⇒ Mostly Myelin Basic Protein (MBP)
⇒ Proteolipid Protein (PLP)

  • ⇒ 80%
21
Q

Neuronal cell bodies are found in grey or white matter of spinal cord?

A

Neuronal cell Bodies = inner core of Grey Matter

grey => cells
white => axons

22
Q

What is found in the Outer layer of White Matter of the spinal cord (cell bodies or axons)

A

Myelinated axons

Convey information to/from brain

23
Q

Grey matter in inner core is found in (spinal cord or brain) …

Grey matter in outer layer is found in (spinal cord or cerebral cortex brain) …

A

Grey in inner core = Spinal cord

Grey in outer layer = cerebral cortex

the outer layer [GM] is the cerebral cortex.

24
Q

…. resides in the vertebral canal & connect spinal nerves to spinal cord

A

Nerve roots

25
Q

(dorsal or ventral root) is efferent, somatic motor / sympathetic

A

Ventral is Efferent (motor)

Dorsal is Afferent (somatosensory)

26
Q

What is located in the vertebral canal ?

A

⇒ nerve roots
- Connect Spinal nerves to spinal cord

⇒ Spinal cord

27
Q

Acute or Chronic infection is at non equilibrium process?

A

Acute vs Chronic infection

Acute infection: non equilibrium process. st response & virus infection change continually until resolution

Chronic: equilibrium between virus & host

 - balance until equilibrium changes
  - lasts months or years
28
Q

if retrovirus (DNA viruses) integrates next to genes that are expressed often would it have short or long latency ?

A

short latency

if integrated next to area not expressed very often, long latency.

29
Q

Retrovirus may induce …….

A

Cellular Transformation

  • cells can get mutations which allow them to ignore cell cycle,
  • therefore genome becomes unstable and they keep dividing (cancer).
  • Example:
    • Human Papilloma virus (HPV) —> cervical cancer
30
Q

which one is latent period and which one is incubation period?

  1. theperiodbetweeninfectionand onset of thedisease,
  2. thetimefrominfectionto infectiousness. Which is shorter depends on thedisease
A

Incubation period,

Latent period

31
Q

Which histological layer of artery has vasa vasorum that supplies artery itself with blood / nutrients?

A

Tunica Adventita

32
Q

Structural, functional & clinical significance of sternal angle (manubriosternal joint/ angle of Louis) :

A

Structural: fibrocartilaginous joint type

Functional: Allows respiration,
⇒ permitsfew degrees of movementbetween the
- manubrium & body of sternum.

Clinical: important anatomical landmark = RATPLANT
⇒ Rib 2 (between vertebra 4 & 5)
=> Aorta Arch 
⇒ Trachea Bifurcation, 
=> Pulmonary Trunk Bifurcation,
33
Q

Joints that play key role in mechanics of respiration

A
  • Manubiosternal joint
  • Sternocostal
  • costochondral joint = facilitate movement of ribcage
34
Q

painful flat, red, itchy spots known as …. (papules or macules?)

A

Macules

35
Q

Elevated spots known as (papules or macules)?

A

papules = elevated

macules -> red, FLAT

36
Q

…………. ability to solve unfamiliar problems, more biology-based) declines significantly

…………. intelligence (ability to use existing knowledge and skills, more knowledge-based) does not decline nearly as much

A

Fluid intelligence, Crystalised intelligence

37
Q

Which endothelial cell proteins are important for the rolling of neutrophils along vessels in the recruitment phase of acute inflammation?

A
  • Selectins

⇒ Selectins bind loosely on neutrophil receptors and they help neutrophils to “roll” along the vessel wall.

⇒ Integrins bind strongly on neutrophil receptors. The neutrophils then stop rolling and become immobilised before migrating through the vascular wall to the tissue.

38
Q

…… causes endothelial cell contraction , therefore it increases vascular permeability

A

Histamine

39
Q

increase of cell size, e.g. muscle tissue growth

A

Auxetic

40
Q

increase of cell numbers, e.g. embryonic development

A

Multiplicative

41
Q

increase of extracellular tissue, e.g. bone tissue growth

A

Accretionary

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