Developmental adolescence Flashcards
The author of Cognitive development…
Jean Piaget
Author of Adolescent Egocentricism …..
David Elkind
Author of Psychosocial development ….
Erik Erikson
Author of Moral development …
Lawrence Kohlberg
Sensorimotor (object)
Pre-operational (symbolic)
Concrete operational (can but not independently)
Formal operational (Complex thinking)
–> Belong to which theory ?
Piaget -> cognitive development theory
What stage of Piaget theory is the coordination of senses with motor responses, sensory curiosity about the world. Language used for demands. Object permanence is developed
Sensorimotor (0-2 yrs)
Symbolic thinking, use of proper grammar to express concept. Imaginations, & intuition are strong, but complex abstract thoughts are difficult. Conservation is developed.
pre-operational (2-7 yrs)
Concepts attached to concrete situations. Time, space & quantity are understood, can be applied but not as independent concepts
Concrete operational (7-11 yrs)
Theoretical, hypothetical, counterfactual thinking.
Abstract logic & reasoning
Strategy & planing possible
Concepts learnt in one context applied to another
Formal operational
Theory that Devoted too little attention to social and cultural influences
Piaget’s - Cognitive development
- ⇒ preoccupied with what other people think
- ⇒ Feeling of being at the centre of attention
- ⇒ Go to extreme lengths to avoid embarrassment
- ⇒ Measurable Drop in self-esteem
- due to egocentrism makes him ‘hyper-aware’ of others’ opinions - ⇒ Need for privacy
- Strive for company when feel good about themselves
- Personal Fable ⇒ beliefs of own uniqueness & no one is like them
Elkind - Adolescent Egocentrism
can occur when the adolescent is unable to put together aspects of him or herself
Role confusion
Which theory?
Exploring & forging an identity.
Description of adolescent’s pursuit of a coherent sense of self during the adolescent years by age of 20.
Erikson - Theory of PsychoSocial development
limitation of Erikson’s Psychosocial theory of development
Age norms were overly optimistic, complete identity by 20 years.
Formal operation stage assumed to be reached by all – this does not happen
- Keating (1980): only 40–60% of college students consistently use formal logic! They have the ability doesn’t mean they use it.
- Devoted too little attention to social & cultural** influences
Piaget - Cognitive development
which model builds on Piaget’s stage model
Kohlberg - Moral development
- Develop ability to solve ethical dilemmas & sense of morality
- Illustrate parallels between cog dev & complexity in moral and ethical thinking
- Six stage theory of moral development with an invariant sequence
- -> Invariant: because they depend on the development of certain cognitive abilities
- Each succeeding stage evolves from and replaces its predecessor
KohlBerg - Moral development
….. describes –> Sensitive period for second language learning, instruments, etc.
Heightened neuroplasticity
ability to multitask and parallel processing is due to
Enhanced cognitive ability
Area of control moved to …….. (emotional, “gut” reactions)
amygdala
……. (norms of what friends are doing) & lead to risk-taking behaviour
Group conformity
Term that describes the (amount of help available - government spending on NHS has impact)
Austerity
It is a risk factor for the increased mental health problems, attention disorders and conduct issues.
- Physical changes of puberty
- Transition to sexual maturity
- Legal age of cognitive maturity (Rite of passage)
- Accepting responsibility for decision making at the age of 18
adolescence
What does adolescence involves?
Major physical, Cognitive & Social development
What are the major tasks of adolescence?
⇒ adjust to
- changing body size & shape
- new ways of thinking
- changes in identity
- coming to terms with sexuality
What is the overall historical change in the pattern of when Adolescence start & end
- Starts earlier
- finishes later
Why does Adolescence start earlier & finishes later than in the past?
- Rising obesity & better nutrition
- Brain development into early 20’s due to deferred Adult roles e.g. Marriages deferred
improved:
- standard of living
- Health & nutrition
- body mass (BMI) - girls ~ 17% body fat
Physical change during adolescence:
Is the onset of puberty
Subsequent development of sexual maturity.
The beginning of adolescence occurs around the ….
It is marked by dramatic changes in ……
onset of puberty
hormone levels
…… of the body is when Sex organs begin to secrete hormones (testosterone and oestradiol)at ~11-14 yrs
Sexual maturation
maturation of secondary sexual characteristics involves
- Rapid increase in height (up to 4in/10cm per year)
- Weight gain = Mainly muscles for boys, fat for girls
- Hair growth
- Pubic & underarm
- Facial
- Voice changes for boys
- Breasts grow & hips widen for girls
- Increased production of- oil,
- sweat glands,
- acne
- Changes in bio rhythms
- frequently sleep longer - 9.5 hrs
-ve effects associated with physical development include Eating disorders. List some examples of eating disorders
~ 1% of girls (12-18) anorexic
~ 1-3% of girls bulimic
60% are actively trying to lose weight
⇒ biological process ⇒ beginning with • activation of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis ⇒ ending with the • attainment of reproductive competence
Gonadarche
⇒ activation of the hypothalamic- pituitary- adrenal axis,
⇒ often begins earlier than gonadarche.
Adrenarche
Gonadarche activates ……
hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis
Adrenarche activates ………
hypothalamic- pituitary- adrenal axis
Adrenarche or Gonadarche occurs first?
Adrenarche
Activation of the ……………. ⇒ resulting in a linear growth spurt at around age 12 in girls, age 14 in boys. As well as changes in body size and composition
growth axis
elimination of excess synapses/ grey matter
Synaptic Pruning
- Natural process occurs in adolescence
- Brain eliminates extra synapses
- Frequently used connections ⇒ strengthened
- Infrequently used connections ⇒ eliminated
- Believed that this results in greater efficiency in the transmission of information in the brain
….. ⇒ mainly involved in transmitting information
• from body to cerebral cortex
• is packed full of myelin-covered axons.
Actions controlled include:
Regulation of
o body temperature,
o heart rate &
o blood pressure,
Expression of
o emotions,
Release of
o hormones
Regulation of
o food & water intake.
White matter
…… is responsible for
- muscle control,
- sensory perception,
- memory,
- emotions &
- speech.
Grey matter
Following puberty …. increases and ….. matter decreases
white matter increases , grey matter decreases (synaptic pruning)
grey matter starts to decrease is replaced by white matter
Connections become more specialised & efficient
Reorganisation
• Not all areas of the brain change at the same time,
o Areas that deal with motor skills mature earlier than areas involved in more complex functions such as attention & memory
o Motor skills Parts of brain controlling:
physical movement,
vision &
senses mature first
• Areas involving memory & attention mature later
By adulthood developed ability to:
- focus on task for longer
- make choices
- restrain self from harmful activities
- prospective memory
what develops first limbic region or prefrontal cortex in adolescence ?
Limbic system ⇒ develops earlier than Prefrontal cortex
