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Developmental adolescence Flashcards

1
Q

The author of Cognitive development…

A

Jean Piaget

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2
Q

Author of Adolescent Egocentricism …..

A

David Elkind

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3
Q

Author of Psychosocial development ….

A

Erik Erikson

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4
Q

Author of Moral development …

A

Lawrence Kohlberg

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5
Q

Sensorimotor (object)
Pre-operational (symbolic)
Concrete operational (can but not independently)
Formal operational (Complex thinking)

–> Belong to which theory ?

A

Piaget -> cognitive development theory

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6
Q

What stage of Piaget theory is the coordination of senses with motor responses, sensory curiosity about the world. Language used for demands. Object permanence is developed

A

Sensorimotor (0-2 yrs)

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7
Q

Symbolic thinking, use of proper grammar to express concept. Imaginations, & intuition are strong, but complex abstract thoughts are difficult. Conservation is developed.

A

pre-operational (2-7 yrs)

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8
Q

Concepts attached to concrete situations. Time, space & quantity are understood, can be applied but not as independent concepts

A

Concrete operational (7-11 yrs)

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9
Q

Theoretical, hypothetical, counterfactual thinking.
Abstract logic & reasoning
Strategy & planing possible
Concepts learnt in one context applied to another

A

Formal operational

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10
Q

Theory that Devoted too little attention to social and cultural influences

A

Piaget’s - Cognitive development

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11
Q
  1. ⇒ preoccupied with what other people think
  2. ⇒ Feeling of being at the centre of attention
  3. ⇒ Go to extreme lengths to avoid embarrassment
  4. ⇒ Measurable Drop in self-esteem
    - due to egocentrism makes him ‘hyper-aware’ of others’ opinions
  5. ⇒ Need for privacy
  6. Strive for company when feel good about themselves
  7. Personal Fable ⇒ beliefs of own uniqueness & no one is like them
A

Elkind - Adolescent Egocentrism

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12
Q

can occur when the adolescent is unable to put together aspects of him or herself

A

Role confusion

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13
Q

Which theory?

Exploring & forging an identity.
Description of adolescent’s pursuit of a coherent sense of self during the adolescent years by age of 20.

A

Erikson - Theory of PsychoSocial development

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14
Q

limitation of Erikson’s Psychosocial theory of development

A

Age norms were overly optimistic, complete identity by 20 years.

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15
Q

Formal operation stage assumed to be reached by all – this does not happen
- Keating (1980): only 40–60% of college students consistently use formal logic! They have the ability doesn’t mean they use it.

  1. Devoted too little attention to social & cultural** influences
A

Piaget - Cognitive development

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16
Q

which model builds on Piaget’s stage model

A

Kohlberg - Moral development

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17
Q
  • Develop ability to solve ethical dilemmas & sense of morality
  • Illustrate parallels between cog dev & complexity in moral and ethical thinking
  • Six stage theory of moral development with an invariant sequence
    • -> Invariant: because they depend on the development of certain cognitive abilities
    • Each succeeding stage evolves from and replaces its predecessor
A

KohlBerg - Moral development

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18
Q

….. describes –> Sensitive period for second language learning, instruments, etc.

A

Heightened neuroplasticity

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19
Q

ability to multitask and parallel processing is due to

A

Enhanced cognitive ability

20
Q

Area of control moved to …….. (emotional, “gut” reactions)

A

amygdala

21
Q

……. (norms of what friends are doing) & lead to risk-taking behaviour

A

Group conformity

22
Q

Term that describes the (amount of help available - government spending on NHS has impact)

A

Austerity

It is a risk factor for the increased mental health problems, attention disorders and conduct issues.

23
Q
  • Physical changes of puberty
  • Transition to sexual maturity
  • Legal age of cognitive maturity (Rite of passage)
  • Accepting responsibility for decision making at the age of 18
A

adolescence

24
Q

What does adolescence involves?

A

Major physical, Cognitive & Social development

25
Q

What are the major tasks of adolescence?

A

⇒ adjust to

  • changing body size & shape
  • new ways of thinking
  • changes in identity
  • coming to terms with sexuality
26
Q

What is the overall historical change in the pattern of when Adolescence start & end

A
  • Starts earlier

- finishes later

27
Q

Why does Adolescence start earlier & finishes later than in the past?

A
  1. Rising obesity & better nutrition
  2. Brain development into early 20’s due to deferred Adult roles e.g. Marriages deferred

improved:
- standard of living
- Health & nutrition
- body mass (BMI) - girls ~ 17% body fat

28
Q

Physical change during adolescence:

A

Is the onset of puberty

Subsequent development of sexual maturity.

29
Q

The beginning of adolescence occurs around the ….

It is marked by dramatic changes in ……

A

onset of puberty

hormone levels

30
Q

…… of the body is when Sex organs begin to secrete hormones (testosterone and oestradiol)at ~11-14 yrs

A

Sexual maturation

31
Q

maturation of secondary sexual characteristics involves

A
  1. Rapid increase in height (up to 4in/10cm per year)
  2. Weight gain = Mainly muscles for boys, fat for girls
  3. Hair growth
    • Pubic & underarm
    • Facial
  4. Voice changes for boys
  5. Breasts grow & hips widen for girls
    - Increased production of
    • oil,
    • sweat glands,
    • acne
  6. Changes in bio rhythms
    • frequently sleep longer - 9.5 hrs
    ⇒ Sex organs begin to secrete hormones (testosterone & oestradiol) at 11-14 yrs
32
Q

-ve effects associated with physical development include Eating disorders. List some examples of eating disorders

A

~ 1% of girls (12-18) anorexic
~ 1-3% of girls bulimic
60% are actively trying to lose weight

33
Q 
⇒ biological process
⇒ beginning with
•	activation of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis
⇒ ending with the
•	attainment of reproductive competence
A

Gonadarche

34
Q

⇒ activation of the hypothalamic- pituitary- adrenal axis,

⇒ often begins earlier than gonadarche.

A

Adrenarche

35
Q

Gonadarche activates ……

A

hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis

36
Q

Adrenarche activates ………

A

hypothalamic- pituitary- adrenal axis

37
Q

Adrenarche or Gonadarche occurs first?

A

Adrenarche

38
Q

Activation of the ……………. ⇒ resulting in a linear growth spurt at around age 12 in girls, age 14 in boys. As well as changes in body size and composition

A

growth axis

39
Q

elimination of excess synapses/ grey matter

A

Synaptic Pruning

  • Natural process occurs in adolescence
  • Brain eliminates extra synapses
  • Frequently used connections ⇒ strengthened
  • Infrequently used connections ⇒ eliminated
  • Believed that this results in greater efficiency in the transmission of information in the brain
40
Q

….. ⇒ mainly involved in transmitting information
• from body to cerebral cortex
• is packed full of myelin-covered axons.

Actions controlled include:

Regulation of
o body temperature,
o heart rate &
o blood pressure,

Expression of
o emotions,

Release of
o hormones

Regulation of
o food & water intake.

A

White matter

41
Q

…… is responsible for

  • muscle control,
  • sensory perception,
  • memory,
  • emotions &
  • speech.
A

Grey matter

42
Q

Following puberty …. increases and ….. matter decreases

A

white matter increases , grey matter decreases (synaptic pruning)

grey matter starts to decrease is replaced by white matter

43
Q

Connections become more specialised & efficient

A

Reorganisation

• Not all areas of the brain change at the same time,

o Areas that deal with motor skills mature earlier than areas involved in more complex functions such as attention & memory

o Motor skills Parts of brain controlling:
physical movement,
vision &
senses mature first

• Areas involving memory & attention mature later

44
Q

By adulthood developed ability to:

A
  • focus on task for longer
  • make choices
  • restrain self from harmful activities
  • prospective memory
45
Q

what develops first limbic region or prefrontal cortex in adolescence ?

A

Limbic system ⇒ develops earlier than Prefrontal cortex

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