Fever, Urine/Bowel

Question 1

Pyuria

Answer 1

Pus or many WBCs in urine

Question 2

Enuresis

Answer 2

Bed-wetting AFTER normal age (6yo)

Question 3

Detrusor muscles

Answer 3

Muscles lining the bladder

Question 4

How aging affects urination

Answer 4

Kidneys can’t concentrate urine (nocturia).
Wk bladder muscles (UTIs from urine stasis).

Question 5

What conditions can alter urination?

Answer 5

Kidney stones
High BP
Diabetes
Diseases causing wk (Parkinson’s, arthritis)

Question 6

Sources of heat production

Answer 6

1 source: metabolism

Muscle movements.
Hormones: catecholamines epi & norepi, thyroid hormones

Question 7

Afebrile

Answer 7

Without fever

Question 8

Pyrexia

Answer 8

Fever

Question 9

Fevers: sustained, intermittent, remittent, relapsing/recurrent

Answer 9

S: minimal variations
I: temp returns to normal at least once every 24hrs
Remittent: abnormal temp that fluctuates a few degrees
R/R: temp returns to normal for 1+ days, and then fever reoccurs

Question 10

Pyretic amounts for kids

Answer 10

Ibuprofen: 10mg/K
Tylenol/acetaminophen: 15mg/K

Question 11

Normal & Fever temp C/F

Answer 11

37 C
98.6 F

F:
38 C
100.4 F

Question 12

Heat exhaustion vs heatstroke

Answer 12

Exhaustion: body overheats

Heatstroke: body can’t regulate temp. Can rise to 106F in 10 min.

Question 13

Malignant hyperthermia

Answer 13

Rxn to anesthetics. Life-threatening: fever,spasms, tachycardia

Question 14

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome

Answer 14

Rxn to anti-psychotics. Life-threatening fever

Question 15

Temp change during post-ovulation

Answer 15

Increases 0.5-1 C

Question 16

Endogenous vs exogenous pyrogens

Answer 16

Endo: cytokines in response to virus/bacteria. Act on the hypothalamus.

Exp: viruses/bacteria 🦠

Question 17

Effects of high body temps

Answer 17

Water/Na+ loss.
Hypotension & tachycardia.
ALOC & seizures.

Low CO due to vasodilation: cardiovascular collapse, cerebral edema, CNS degeneration, renal necrosis

Question 18

What age to do rectal temps?

Answer 18

3 months or younger

Question 19

How to lower body temp?

Answer 19

Cold packs to groin
Anti-pyretics
Cool/wet towels to skin
Cool IV fluids
LUKEWARM baths

Question 20

Anal fissure

Answer 20

Small tearing in the lining of the anus.

Question 21

Paralytic illeus

Answer 21

Peristalsis temporarily stops (such as after anesthesia).

Question 22

Valsalva maneuver

Answer 22

Can return HR to normal during tachycardia & can assess problems with the ANS.

Equalize your ears while bearing down for 10-15 sec

Question 23

Which organ absorbs the most water from intake?

Answer 23

Large intestine

Question 24

What percentage of food is excreted within 24hrs?

Answer 24

33-50%

Question 25

Mass peristalsis sweeps

Answer 25

1-4 times/day Cause the urge to defecate

Question 26

How often do bowel contractions occur?

Answer 26

Every 3-12 min

Question 27

What causes the defecation reflex?

Answer 27

Distention of the rectum

Question 28

Risk factors for constipation

Answer 28

Female & pregnancy Low-income/education Depression Chronic conditions Meds CNS disease/sedentary

Question 29

Is constipation a normal part of aging?

Answer 29

No.

Question 30

Infant stool characteristics when breastfed vs formula-fed

Answer 30

More frequent Golden/yellow (vs brown/yellow) Loose (vs paste) Less odor

Question 31

What commonly contaminates stool samples?

Answer 31

Urine

Question 32

Clay/white stool can indicate

Answer 32

Absence of bile

Question 33

Constipating vs laxative food

Answer 33

C: cheese, meat, eggs, pasta L: plants, bran, chocolate, alcohol, coffee

Question 34

What is most common cause of chronic constipation?

Answer 34

Laxative overuse

Question 35

Colectomy

Answer 35

Surgery to cut of parts of the bowel

Question 36

What doe enemas do?

Answer 36

Irritates mucosa to cause peristalsis (not for paralytic illeus) & can give some meds

Question 37

What is a potential complication of digital stool removal?

Answer 37

Can stimulate the vagus nerve: low HR, dizzy, pass-out

Question 38

What position is for enemas/suppositories?

Answer 38

Sims position

Question 39

What 2 conditions contraindicate rectal interventions?

Answer 39

Thrombo & leukocytopenia

Question 40

How often to replace ostomy bag?

Answer 40

Every 3-7 days

Question 41

What does a pale or dark stoma indicate?

Answer 41

Pale: anemia Dark: ischemia

Question 42

Colostomy diet

Answer 42

Low-fiber for the first 6-8wks At least 2.5L water Avoid foods that cause gas & cause blockage (nuts, corn, popcorn) Add foods to thicken stool