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MIDW1002 A&P exam > Fetal Skull > Flashcards

Fetal Skull Flashcards

1
Q

What does the vault consist of?

A

Two frontal bones
Two parietal bones
Two temporal bones
One occipital bone

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2
Q

What are the three sections of the fetal skull?

A

Vault
Base
Face

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3
Q

What are the central points of ossification?

A

Can be identified on the vault

Frontal bosses, parietal eminences, occipital protuberance

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4
Q

What is the sinciput?

A

The forehead

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5
Q

What is the bregma?

A

The anterior fontanelle

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6
Q

What is the mentum?

A

The chin

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7
Q

What is the lambda?

A

Posterior fontanelle

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8
Q

What is the vertex?

A

Highest point of fetal skull, midway between the parietal eminences

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9
Q

What is the occiput?

A

Area over the occipital bone

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10
Q

What is the glabella?

A

Bridge of the nose

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11
Q

How are the bones of the fetal skull connected?

A

Sutures composed of soft fibrous tissue

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12
Q

What is the purpose of sutures?

A

Allow the bones of the fetal skull to move and overlap

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13
Q

What are the four sutures and what do they join?

A

Frontal suture- joins the frontal bones
Sagittal suture- Unites the two parietal bones
Coronal suture- joins the frontal bones to the parietal bones
Lambdoidal suture- Unites the posterior margins and the parietal bones to the occipital bone

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14
Q

Describe the bregma

A

Anterior fontanelle
Located where to two frontal and parietal bones meet
Kite shaped
2cm wide 3 cm long

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15
Q

When does the bregma ossify?

A

Around 18 months of age

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16
Q

Describe the lambda

A

Posterior fontanelle
Where the parietal bones meet the occipital bone
Closes soon after birth

17
Q

What are the two types of measurements of the fetal skull?

A

Longitudinal

Transverse

18
Q

Describe the two transverse diameters

A

Biparietal diameter - average 9.5cm
Between the parietal eminences
Widest transverse diameter
Crowning of the head occurs once this this diameter has passed through the introitus

Bitemporal diameter- between the two extreme points of the coronal suture
8cm usually little significance

19
Q

Describe the 6 key longitudinal diameters

A

Subocciptal bregmatic (SOB) - 9.5cm, vertex presentation, well flexed attitude

Subocciptal frontal (SOF) - 10cm, occipitoposterior presentation, partially flexed attitude

Occipital frontal (OF) - 11.5cm, cephalic presentation, erect attitude

Mentovertical (MV) - 13.5cm, brow presentation, partially extended attitude

Submentovertical (SMV) - 11cm, face presentation, partially extended

Submentobregmatic (SMB) - 9cm, face presentation, extended attitude

20
Q

What is moulding?

A

The overlapping of fetal skull bones at the suture lines

21
Q

When does moulding occur?

A

As the skull passes through the pelvis during delivery

It is a normal adaptation as the skull passes through the small diameters of the maternal pelvis

22
Q

How can moulding assist delivery?

A

Can reduce diameters of the fetal skull by 1.5cm

23
Q

How will moulding differ in pre and post term infants?

A

Pre term- skull is less ossified so moulding can be excessive. This puts strain on structures beneath skull such as folds of the dura mater covering the cerebral hemispheres

Post term- increased ossification so less opportunity for them to move. Not usually a problem.

24
Q

What is the dura mater?

A

Tough, outermost membrane enveloping the brain and spinal cord (outermost layer of the meninges)

Folds of the dura mater dip in between the hemispheres of the cerebrum, this is called the falx cerebri

25
Q

What are the meninges?

A

3 layers of protective tissue called the dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

26
Q

Outline the sinuses in the brain

A

Superior sagittal sinus- runs along the upper aspect of the falx cerebri
Inferior sagittal sinus- runs along the lower aspect of the falx
Straight sinus- runs along the margin of the falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli
Two lateral sinuses

27
Q

What is the great vein of Galen?

A

Drains into the straight sinus

Internal jugular vein leaved the skull and travels down the spine

28
Q

What is the fetal skull undergoes a greater degree of moulding than usual, happens too fast or moulds in an abnormal direction?

A

The junctions between the flax and tentorium may tear. A tentorial tear. It involves the sinuses and great vein of Galen. May lead to brain damage or death.

29
Q

What is caput succedaneum?

A

Oedematous swelling which forms on the presenting part of the fetal skull sued by prolonged pressure from the cervix as it dilates.
Caput often occurs when the fetal head is in the posterior position.
Usually disappears within 36-48 hours.

30
Q

What is cephalhaemotoma?

A

Develops after birth
Caused by rupture of small blood vessels under the periosteum of the bone of the skull as a result of friction during delivery
Can take up to 6 weeks to disappear

MIDW1002 A&P exam (23 decks)

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