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Embryology RCM > Fetal Period > Flashcards

Fetal Period Flashcards

1
Q

Gestational Time Units: Reference Point, Days, Weeks, Months…

A

Fertilization: 266, 38, 8 3/4 LMP: 280, 40, 40, 9 1/4

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2
Q

Nagel’s Rule

A

predcits and estimated due date based on the woman’s last menstrual period

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3
Q

Expected Date Delivery Calculation (EDD)

A

LNMP + 9mo + 7days OR LNMP-3mo +1yr +7 days

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4
Q

Trimesters Duration

A

First: LNMP-12wks Second: end of first to 27wks Third: end of second until term (40wks)

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5
Q

Embryo status 9th week

A

embryo has developed into a recognizable human being and primordia of all major systems have formed

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6
Q

Embryo to Fetus process

A

gradual extending from 9th wk to birth

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7
Q

Characteristics of fetus development

A
  • Rapid body growth and differentiation of tissues, organs, and systems (maturation)
  • slowdown in the growth of the head
  • weight gain in the last 2mo
  • growth in length 3rd, 4th and 5th months
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8
Q

Method used to measure embryo in 1st, 2nd, and 3rd trimester

A

1st: crown to rump length

2nd and 3rd: biparietal diameter (BPD)

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9
Q

What does biarietal diamenter (BDP) measure?

A

diameter of head

head circumference

abdominal circumference

femur length

foot length

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10
Q

What does foot length correlate with?

A

fetal age

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11
Q

CRL, foot length and fetal weight at 12wks

A

CRL: 87mm

Foot: 14mm

Weight: 45gm

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12
Q

CRL and Weight in 9-12wks

A

5-8cm and 10-45gm

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13
Q

CRL and Weight in 13-16wks

A

9-14cm and 10-45g

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14
Q

CRL and Weight in 17-20wks

A

15-19cm and 250-450g

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15
Q

CRL and Weight in 21-24wks

A

viable but not that accurate from now on.. 20-33cm and 500-820wks

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16
Q

Development 9wks

A

external genitalia is similar in both sexes

liver major site of erythropoieses

head constitutes hald of the crown-heel length of the fetus

broad face, eyes widely separated, ears are low set, eyelid fused

short legs, small thighs

intestinal coils are clearly visible in the proxima end of the umbilical cord

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17
Q

Development 12wks

A

Growth of in doby length accelerates, at the end of the 12wks the CRL has more than doubled.

sex can be recognized in most cases

primary ossification centers appear in the skeleton

upper limbs almost have reached their final length

intestines have returned to the abdomen

erytrhopoiesis in spleen

urine formation begins and is discharged in the amniotic fluid

fetal waste is transferred to the maternal circulation trough the placeta

some amniotic fluid is reabsorbed by swalliwing it

major fetal form established

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18
Q

Development 13-16wks

A

Growth is rapid

head is relatively smalll

lower limbs have lengthened and have slight movement

bones are clearly visible

slow eye movements occur

eyes face antriorly instead of anterolaterally

external ears are close to their definitive position

wk 16: ovaries are differentiated

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19
Q

Major development wk 16

A

ovaries are differentiated

20
Q

Development 17-20wks

A

fetal movements (quickening) are felt by mother

Vernix caseosaL: greasy cheeselike material that covers skin for protection

lanugo: body covered by fine downy hair at 20wks

testes have begun to descend, visible head hair and eyebrows

brown fat present

rapid brain growth

21
Q

Major development wk 20

A

lanugo

22
Q

Development 20-25wks

A

may survive if born prematurely but may die because the respiratory system is still immature

substantial weight gain

wrinkle skin

skin is pink to red

lean body

rapid eye movements

lung start to produce surfactant

fingernails are present

23
Q

Development 26-29 wks

A

lungs are capable of breathing air

eyelids are open

lanugo and head hair are well developed

subcutaneous fat is present under skind

toenails become visible

main site of hematopoiesis is spleen

24
Q

30-34 wks

A

white fat is 8% of body weight

limbs have chubby appearance

pupillary light reflex can be elicited

25
Q

Development 35-28wks

A

exhibit spontaneous orientation to light

nervous system sufficiently mature to carry out some interactive fxns

26
Q

Major development wk 36

A

head and abdominal circumferences are approx. equal

(after abdomen is greater than head)

27
Q

Major development wk 37

A

foot is slightly larger than femur (confirmation of fetal age)

28
Q

Full term: body fat, CRL, weight, etc.

A

16% of body fat

360nm, 3,400 g

Prominent chest

testes are in the scrotum

29
Q

Factor Affecting Prenatal Growth

A

smokers: weight 200g less than normal

social drugs

poor nurtrion

reduction of maternal placental circulation

pleacental abnormalities: reduction in total area for exchange of nutrients

30
Q

Effects of reductiong of maternal placental circulation

A

can cause fetal starvation resulting in intrauterin growth retardation (IUGR)

31
Q

Harmful Subtances that cross placental membranes

A

Viruses

CO

Cocaine, heroine

antibiotics

pentobarbital, diazepam (valium), xanax, ativan

thalidomide

oral contraceptives

nicotine, alcohol

anti-Rh antibodies

mercury, lead

toxoplasma gondhii (parasitic protozoa), treponema pallidum (spirochete causing syphilis)

32
Q

Perinatology

A

branch of medicine that is well concerned with the well-being of the fetus and newborn infant

26wks of fetus to 4wks after birth

3rd trimester: considered unborn patient to whom diagnostic procedures may be performed

33
Q

Ultrasonography

A

used at early stages

wide availability and low cost

age-estimation

BPD

non-invasive and used at early stages

34
Q

MRI

A

high cost

limited fetal resolution

fixed planes of section

no risk for fetus having MRI imaging without contrast

35
Q

Amniocentesis and Chrorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)

A

invasive procedure that detects chromosomal abnormalities

36
Q

Amniocentesis

A

require cell culture to obtain adequate cell number of analysis

14wks after LMP

2nd trimester

20-30ml of amniotic fluid withdrawn

37
Q

CVS

A

10-12wks after LMP

1st trimester

more risk involved than amniocentesis

fetal loss 1%

38
Q

Percutaneous Umbilical Cor Blood Sampling (PUBS)

A

Cordocentesis

18-20wks after LMP: due to fragility of umbilical vein before

analyzes chromosomes nd fetal blood for certain infections and blood disorders

also used to perform blood transfusions on the fetus and adminiter medication into the fetal blood supply

1-2% risk of miscarriage

39
Q

Fetoscopy

A

fiberoptic lighting instrument, rarely used today (PUBS instead)

see parts of the featl body around wk 18

small incision made in the abdomen and endoscope inserted into the amniotic cavity

can take pictures

only done if there are high chances that the fetus is not normal to detect defects not found by other tests

collect samples of tissues, skin, for hereditary disease

12% miscarriage risk

40
Q

AFP Assay

A

Alpha fetoprotein

15-21wks to screen for neural tube defects

afp is a glycoprotein synthesized in the fetal iver and yolk sac

escapes into amniotic fluid in fetuses with open neural tube defects

low levels: down syndrome

testing alone is not a viable diagnosis for termination

serum AFP decreases rapidly after birth

41
Q

Fetal Monitoring

A

indicates fetal distress

if positive, baby needs to be born immediately

42
Q

Fetal distress

A

occurs when the baby’s brain is deprived of oxygen

lack of oxygen to the brain can be recognized by patterns in thr baby’s heat rate

43
Q

Electronic Fetal Monitor

A

recognizes changes in oxygenation by monitoring babys heart rate

44
Q

FISH

A

detection of chromosomal aneuploidies and mutations

DNA fragments are present in maternal circulation

45
Q

Hematopoiesis in Development of Fetus

A

9wk: liver main site
12wk: some begins in spleen

26-29wk: spleen main site

28wk: occurs in the bone marrow

Embryology RCM (5 decks)

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