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Neonatal > Fetal lung and Heart development > Flashcards

Fetal lung and Heart development Flashcards

1
Q

At what week are lungs fully developed

A

36 weeks

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2
Q

At what stage and how many weeks do the development of the trachea and major bronchi occur

A

Embryonal stage day 26- 52

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3
Q

When does surfactant development begin

A

24-25 weeks

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4
Q

What is the L/S ratio

A

predictive index of lung & bone maturity before birth and the risks of development of resp distress

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5
Q

How is the LS ratio test done?

A

By taking amniotic fluid

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6
Q

If ratio is below 1.5 what does it mean for the baby?

A

Baby is at high risk for developing RD

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7
Q

What does the fetal lung do?

A

Moves fluid

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8
Q

How does gas exchange occur for NeoNates?

A

Mother provides gas exchange

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9
Q

What does the umbilical arteries do?

A

return deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the
placenta

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10
Q

What does umbilical vein do?

A

returns oxygenated blood from placenta to fetus

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11
Q

What are the three fetal shunts

A

Ductus Venosus
Ductus Arteriosus
Foramen ovale

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12
Q

What does the placenta do

A

transfers maternal oxygen and nutrients to the fetus

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13
Q

What is special about fetal circulation

A

It is opposite of normal circulation

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14
Q

What is a low amiotic fluid balance called

A

Oglo

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15
Q

If the baby is born at 26 weeks how does it affect alveoli

A

They will not be fully developed

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16
Q

If the LS ratio is = to or greater than 2 what does it mean

A

baby at low risk for RD

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17
Q

If LS ratio is below 2 what does it mean

A

Baby is at risk for RD

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18
Q

If LS ratio is below 1.5 what does it mean

A

Baby at high risk or RD

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19
Q

How is the fetal lung different than neonate lung

A

In utero lungs serve no resp purpose

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20
Q

describe the Ductus venosus

A

Fetal vascular channel in the fetus passing through liver and joining Umbilical vein with ICV

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21
Q

Ductus Arteriosus

A

Fetal vascular channel joining pulmonary artery directly to the descending aorta

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22
Q

Foramen ovale

A

opening in septum between right and left atria in the fetal heart

23
Q

what is a CHD

A

any anatomic abnormality present in heart at birth

24
Q

What CHDs are ductual dependent

A

coarctation of aorta
interrupted aortic arch
aortic valve stenosis
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
Pulmonary atresia

25
Q

What is ductal dependency

A

Ductus Arteriosus needs to stay open if not baby will die

26
Q

what happens when an CHD has a right to left shunt

A

blood will bypass lungs leading to no pulmonary bloodflow

enters the systemic circulation , lack of O2 gas exchange

27
Q

What happens when an CHD has a left to right shunt?

A

oxygenated blood is shunted left to right and mixes with deoxygenated blood, baby will not have proper oxygenation and circulation.

28
Q

Is a left to right shunt cyanotic or non-cyanotic

A

non cyanotic

29
Q

What is Patent Ductus Arteriosus

A

Ductus Arteriosus fails to close after birth

30
Q

What results from Patent Ductus Arteriosus

A

excess bloodflow of pulmonary circulation
Hypoperfusion of systemic circulation

31
Q

How is Patent Ductus Arteriosus treated

A

Oxygen therapy
Surgery
Indomethacin ( helps close pda, protects baby’s brain)

32
Q

How is PDA tested for?

A

Pulse ox screening

33
Q

What do results of pulse ox screening show

A

O2 sat on right wrist arm much higher than O2 sat for Foot

34
Q

what is Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)

A

A CHD where there is a hole/opening in the wall that separates the atria

35
Q

What Type of shunt is ASD

A

Left to right (non cyanotic)

36
Q

What effect does ASD have on heart

A

atrium blood flows backwards, Right ventricle becomes hypertrophic

37
Q

what are characteristics of cyanotic shunts

A

right to left
Blood from right side of heart not oxygenated
Bypasses lungs

38
Q

What are characteristics of Acyanotic shunts

A

Left to right shunt
Blood from left side of heart (oxygenated)
Transfers back to right side of heart

39
Q

What does CHD involve anatomically

A

Int walls of heart
Valves inside the heart
Arteries and Veins that carry blood to heart/body

40
Q

what causes MAS

A

Fetal hypoxia
Stress

41
Q

How does stress cause the baby to aspirate ?

A

Fetus gasps due to vagul response when stressed and causing fluid to move past it.

42
Q

What are complications for MAS

A

o Disrupted surfactant production
o Pulm hypertension
 Right to left shunt
Chemical pneumonitis
Potential airway obstruction

43
Q

what is the most common CHD

A

Ventricular septal defect

44
Q

What does Nitric do?

A

relaxes smooth muscle of pulmonary vascular system and reduces PVR

45
Q

When is Nitric indicated

A

when OI index is greater than or equal to 25

46
Q

Why does lung development suffer with a congenital diaphragmatic hernia

A

Due to lungs being compressed in utero, leading to underdeveloped lungs and shifted heart.

47
Q

What is one of the big differences between croup and epiglottis

A

Croup is a viral infection epiglottis is a bacterial

48
Q

What is the main indicator of croup on a cxr?

A

steeple sign on neck

49
Q

What are complications of croup

A

Subglottic swelling
mucus glands increase production
Cillia lose effectiveness
Narrowing of the airway

50
Q

Main causes of Epiglottis

A

Haemophilus influenzae type B
Trauma from repeated intubation attempts

51
Q

What are risk factors for epiglottis

A

Children 2-6 years of age
males

52
Q

What is main CXR presentation for epiglottis

A

thumb sign

53
Q

What is presentation of epiglottis

A

High Fever
Sore throat
Stridor
Cherry red epiglottis

Neonatal (4 decks)

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