Fertilisationnnnnnn

Question 1

Fertilisation
During copulation (), semen is released by ()
The _______ sperms swims , pass , enter into , finally reach
Site of fertilisation

Answer 1

Fusion of haploid male gamete with haploid female gamete to form diploid zygote
coitus , penis into vagina ( insemination)
Motile rapidly, through cervix , uterus, ampullarh region of fallopians tube
Ampullary region of fallopians tube

Question 2

Capacitation ( duration
These occur in
Why not all copulation lead to fertilisation and pregnancy
Arrival of sperm movement
Of secondary occyte

Answer 2

Multiple changes that activate sperm for final processes of fertilisation (5-7hr
Sperm on coming in contact with fluids of female genital tract
It can only occur if ovum and sperms are transported simultaneously to ampullary region
Flagellar , ciliated , prostaglandin
Ciliary

Question 3

Fertilization in male

Answer 3

Male -> insemination ( transfer of male gamete into female reproductive tract) -> capacitation of sperm (5-7 hr ) removal of deposit substance from acrosome , entry of ca+2 ion -> arrival of sperm into uterus through cervical canal -> movement of sperm into fallopians tube

Question 4

Female

Acrosomal reaction

Answer 4

Release secondary oocyte -> ovulation -> arrival of secondary oocyte into fallopians tube through infundibulum-> fallopians tube ( ampullary region ) -> fertilisation
Hyaluronidase enzyme = break cementing layer
Corona penetrating enzyme = digest corona radiating layer
Zona lysin enzyme (acrosin) = digest zona pellucida layer

Question 5

Fertilization main events in sequence and their definition

Answer 5

Syngamy = union of male and female gamete
Plasmogamy = intermixing of cytoplasm of male and female gametes
Karyogamy = fusion of pronuclei of male and female gamete
Amphimixis = intermingling of chromosomes of male and female gamete

Question 6

Fast block polyspermy
Slow block polyspermy
The secretion of acrosome help sperm to enter
Phagocytosis of sperm by, during which

Answer 6

Generation of action potential
Due to cortical reaction
Into cytoplasm of ovum through zona pellucida and plasma membrane
Secondary oocyte , completion of second Meiotic division of secondary oocyte to form ovum and second polar body

Question 7

Cortical reaction produces , ensure
Not dissolved in cytoplasm
Sex of baby determined by

Answer 7

Changes in zona pellucida ( makes it hard) that block the entry of additional sperm , only one sperm fertilise the ovum
Nucleus and proximal centriole
Father

Question 8

Cleavage =
,,,, ( moves through ___cell called
Interphase , results into
1 st cleavage
2nd

Answer 8

Repeated Mitotic division
The Mitotic division starts as zygote moves through isthmus of oviduct called cleavage toward uterus and forms 2,4,8,16 daughter cells called blastomeres
Short , ( s phase present) , multicellular embryo without any change in overall size
30 hrs
40 hrs

Question 9

Morula ,structure ,name , layer
Blastula / ,
Outer layer , inner
What contain stem cell , cavity

Answer 9

Embryo with 8-16 blastomeres , solid ball like, resembles mulberry fruit,zona pellucida
Blastocyst = 64 cell stage
Trophoblast , inner group of cell attached to trophoblast called inner mass / embryoblast
Inner cell mass , blastocoel

Question 10

Blastocyst outer layer gets attached to , inner mass
Embryblast cell attached to trophoblast call
Trophoblast/ responsible for

Answer 10

Endometrium , differentiate as embryo
Cell of rauber,
Trophoectoderm for placenta formation

Question 11

Implantation , starts
Completion , site
Ectopic Pregnancy , by

Answer 11

Attachment of blastocyst to endometriosis lining of uterus , 1 week after fertilisation
By day 12 after fertilisation , fundus part
Implantation other than uterus , zona pellucida

Question 12

Decidua , layers
Gastrulation , formation of ( 1st ,2nd,,
Movement
Trophoblast later forms
Embryoblast

Answer 12

Uterus of pregnant mother , decidua basalia , decidua capsularis , decidua parietalis
Transformation of blastocyst into gastrula , 3 germ layer ( endoderm , ectoderm , meso
Morphogenetic
Cytotrophoblast , syncytotrophoblast
Epiblast ( long columnar) , hypoblast ( short cuboidal

Question 13

Formation of ____… embryonic,,,
Formation of primitive steak (movement)
Fate of germ layer ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

Answer 13

Bilayer , disc
Invagination = epiblast - ectoderm. Hypo some epi = Endo (1st) , middle = meso
Nervous system, sensory organs
Circulatory , excretory , skeletal, reproductive
Digestive , respiratory

Question 14

Bilaminar embryonic disc
Amniogenic cell from
Formation of yolk sac what formed
Extra embryonic ______ from

Answer 14

Epiblast + hypoblast
Trophoblast
Primary yolk sac and endodermal cells of yolk sac
Mesoderm , trophoblast

Question 15

Formation of extra embryonic coelom peripheral region cell , 2 cell near, cavity (name ) formed between
Chorion outer, inner
Fn
Chorionic frondosum

Answer 15

Somatopleuric extra embryonic mesoderm , splanchnopleuric extraembryonicmesoderm
Extra embryonic coelom ( endodermal cell of yolk sac & 1cell
O= endoderm , i = mesoderm
Involve in placenta formation, secrete placental formation
Part of chorion which help in formation of placenta

Question 16

Amnion outer ,inner
Fn
Yolk sac outer ,inner
Fn
What is same as yolk sac

Answer 16

O= mesoderm , I=ectoderm ,
Act as shock absorber ,prevent from desiccation
O= mesoderm, in=endoderm
Formation of blood cells in early embryonic stage
Allantois

Question 17

Extra embryonic coelom

Answer 17

Space b/w chorion and amnion

Question 18

Organogenesis end of 1 month
Of 2 month
Of 3 3 month / /
5 month

Answer 18

Embryo heart Is formed
Limbs and digits develop
1 trimester / 12 weeks = most of organs are formed , ( limbs , genetial more developed
Appearance of hair on head , first movement start

Question 19

Endo of 6 month //
End of 9 month /
Placenta
Characteristics of placenta

Answer 19

24 weeks , 2 trimester = eyelids separate / eyelashes are formed
3 trimester = foetus Is fully developed, ready for delivery
Intimate connection b/w material tissue ( uterine tissue ) and developing foetus
Haemochorial placenta
Metadischorial placenta
Deciduous placenta ( child + placenta

Question 20

Chorionic villi , surrounded by
Chronic villi & uterine tissue forms a
Umbilical cord , fn

Answer 20

After implantation, finger like projection appear on trophoblast , uterine tissue and maternal blood
Structural and functional unit between developing embryo (foetus)& maternal body
The placenta is connected to embryo through ,
Helps in transport of substance to and from embryo

Question 21

Fn of placenta ,
,
,
,
,
Placental hormone ,,,,,

Answer 21

Nutrition
Exchange of gases
Removal of waste
Act as barrier
Act as endocrine gland
hcG ( humanchorionic gonadotropins) , hpL( human placental hormone) , progesterone,
Estrogen , relaxin

Question 22

hcG =
2
3
hpL =/
Fn

Answer 22

Humanchorionic gonadotropins = stimulates corpus luteum for secretion of progesterone & estrogen
Helps prepare mammary gland for lactation
Maintains endometrium during pregnancy
Human placental lactogen / human chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS)
Responsible for development of mammary gland during pregnancy

Question 23

Relaxin fn
2
3
Crh fn
2

Answer 23

Dilate pelvic muscle (ileocaceal muscle ) , help in parturition
Increases flexibility of pubic symphysis
Helps dilate uterine cervix during labour
Corticotropin releasing hormone = establishes timing of birth
Increases secretion of cortisol

Question 24

What are produced only during pregnancy
During pregnancy hormones increased
Essential for

Answer 24

hCG , hPL, relaxin
Estrogen, progesterone, cortisol, prolactin , thyroxine , hcG,hpL
Supporting foetal growth, metabolic changes in mother, maintained of pregnancy

Question 25

Teratogene
Pregnancy test
Gestation period
Human
Cat
Dog
Elephant

Answer 25

Certain agents which cause foetal abnormalities eg certain viruses, drugs , alcohol
Grovidextest
Duration b/w copulation and child birth
9 months +- 7 days ( 270-290 days )
63-65 days
60-65 days
607 - 641 days

Question 26

Parturition / , mechanism , hormones like
Important components of initiation of parturition
Foetal ejection reflex

Answer 26

Child birth , complex neuroendocrine mechanism , Crh , cortisol , estrogen, oxytocin,relaxin
Increase in estrogen and progesterone
Signals for parturition originate from fully developed foetus and placenta which induce
Mild uterine contractions

Question 27

Parturition
,
,
,
,
,
,

Answer 27

Generation of foetal ejection reflex
Stimulate maternal posterior pituitary
Secretion of oxytocin hormone
Contact myometrin wall of uterus
Secretion of relaxin from placenta
Dilution of pelvic muscle
Child birth

Question 28

Stage of parturition
1 ) duration

Answer 28

Stage of dilation ( 8-12 hrs) = release oxytocin
Contract myometruim lining of uterus
Release relaxin
Dilation of pelvic muscle

Question 29

2 stage =
3 stage
Lactation prolactin fn ,,
Oxytocin ,,,
First mother milk , immunity

Answer 29

Of expulsion ( 10 min) = expulsion of foetus through birth canal
Placental stage
Milk producing , milk secreting hormone
(Milk let down) Milk ejecting / birth hormone , labour pain
Colostrum (IgA) = passive

Question 30

Twins

Answer 30

Monozygotic/ identical twins
Dizygotic / non identical twins/ fraternal twins
Conjoint / Siamese twins

Question 31

Gastrulation stage

Answer 31

Formation of bilayer embryonic disc
Formation of amniotic cavity
Formation of yolk sac
Formation extra embryological mesoderm
Formation of extra embryonic coelom