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Exotics > Ferrets > Flashcards

Ferrets Flashcards

1
Q

What are the common ferret types

A

Mustela nigripes Black-footed ferrets

Mustela putorius furo is the European ferret, related to the wild European polecat.

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2
Q

How long has the european ferret been domesticated

A

2000 years

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3
Q

what is the normal body weight range of ferrets

A

500-2,000 grams

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4
Q

what is the normal life span of a ferret

A

5-11 years (typically 6-8 years)

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5
Q

what is the age of weaning of ferrets

A

6-8 weeks

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6
Q

when are ferrets reproductively mature

A

first spring after birth

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7
Q

how long is the gestation of a ferret

A

41 - 42 days

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8
Q

what is the average body temperature of a ferret

A

100.8-104F

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9
Q

what is the normal heart rate of a ferret

A

180-250 bpm

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10
Q

what is the normal respiratory rate of a ferret

A

33-36 per minute

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11
Q

what is a hob

A

Entire Male Ferret

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12
Q

what is a hobble

A

Castrated hob.

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13
Q

what is a hoblet

A

Vasectomised hob.

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14
Q

what is a jill

A

female ferret

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15
Q

what is a sprite

A

female spayed ferret

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16
Q

what is a kit

A

young ferret

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17
Q

what is the average litter size of a ferret

A

1-18 (average 8)

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18
Q

when do a baby ferrets eyes open

A

30-35 days

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19
Q

when do a ferrets permanent canine teeth erupt

A

52 days

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20
Q

when are the ferrets deciduous canine teeth lost

A

56-70days

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21
Q

describe marshall farm ferrets

A

Purchased spayed or neutered and desented

Even when descented, sebaceous skin glands convey a musky odor

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22
Q

describe the nutrition of a ferret

A

Their protein requirements are in fact higher than the cat (recommended protein: 30-40% DM
In general, ferrets are given formulated ferret diets or high-quality animal protein based kitten foods.
Short, simple digestive tract with no cecum or ileocolic valve.

23
Q

Describe housing and husbandry of a ferret

A

Although technically nocturnal, ferrets easily adjust their schedule to human activity.
House ferrets in multilevel cages with solid-bottom flooring. Provide toweling and other items for burrowing and hiding. Ferrets are also commonly litter pan trained.
Never allow ferrets free roam of the home. Instead supervised play should be limited to a ferret-proofed room or region of the home.

24
Q

what are the common vaccinations for ferrets

A

distemper and rabies

25
Q

describe the human influenza virus transmission

A

human to ferret (usually) and ferret to human

26
Q

what are the clinical signs of the human influenza in ferrets

A

lethargy, pyrexia, sneezing, coughing, nasal discharge, conjunctivitis

27
Q

how long do human influenza symptoms last in ferrets

A

5-14 days

28
Q

how do you treat human influenza virus in ferrets

A

symptomatic - can use pediatric cough suppressants and antihistamines

29
Q

what does helicobacter mustelae cause in ferrets

A

Chronic gastritis and gastric and duodenal ulcers

30
Q

what are the clinical signs of helicobacter mustelae

A

lethargy, anorexia, hypersalivation, tooth-grinding, halitosis, melena

31
Q

what are ferrets used as an experimental model for

A

Ferrets used as experimental model for Helicobacter pylori in humans

32
Q

how do you diagnose helicobacter mustelae

A

often difficult may require barium series, endoscopy or exploratory surgery

33
Q

Describe insulinoma in ferrets

A

Seen in middle-aged to older ferrets (3 years and older, typically 5-6 yr)
Very common: assume all ferrets 5 years or older have insulinoma until proven otherwise!

34
Q

describe the clinical signs of insulinomas in ferrets

A

episodic weakness or collapse (minutes to hours), hind limb paresis, abnormal mentation, hypersalivation, pawing at the mouth. seizures uncommon but do occur

35
Q

how do you diagnose ferrets with insulinoma

A

Diagnosis: hypoglycemia 250 pmol/L (>35 IU/mL)

36
Q

how do you treat insulinomas in ferrets

A

Surgical treatment: remove all nodules
MEDICAL TX – prednisone to help w BSL
Surgery is often palliative, but rarely curative: microscopic neoplasia and metastasis have probably occurred at time of surgery

37
Q

what is the prognosis of insulinoma in ferrets

A

guarded. survival rates vary from 1 month to 1+ years

38
Q

what is the medical therapy of insulinoma in ferrets

A

Medical therapy is designed to increase the blood glucose concentration.
Prednisone (Pediapred®) stimulates the production of blood sugar and is the first line of treatment.
Diazoxide (Proglycem®) has anti-insulin affects and is added in with the prednisone if and when hypoglycemic episodes return.

39
Q

describe hyperadrenocorticism in ferrets

A

Extremely common, ages 3 and up
Very different disease than seen in the dog (Cushing’s)
Mostly androgen secreting tumors not cortisol
influence of early neutering? - there might be undifferentiated gonadal cells in the adrenal gland-
No negative feedback  over secretion of FSH + LH – causes these cells of the adrenal gland to grow and secrete sex hormones  androgens

40
Q

what does hyperadrenocorticism result in with ferrets

A

Results in Adrenal cortical hyperplasia, adenoma, and adenocarcinoma (rarely)

41
Q

what are the clinical signs of hyperadrenocorticism in ferrets

A

symmetric hair loss beginning on the tail and spreading up the trunk,
Symmetrical alopecia +/- pruritus
stranguria or urinary obstruction in males androgens cause enlarged prostate
vulvar swelling in females
(PU/PD, pendulous belly uncommon), anemia very rare,

42
Q

why does hyperadrenocorticism happen in ferrets

A

Neutering at an early age

Lengthy exposure to indoor lighting

Genetic tendencies

43
Q

what is the pathogenesis of hyperadrenocorticism in ferrets

A

neutering—no negative feedback results in continuous increase FSH and LH
Stimulates undifferentiated cells in Adrenal gland to produce Androgens
This triggers hyperplasia  adenoma  adenocarcinoma (rare)

44
Q

how do you diagnose hyperadrenocorticism in ferrets

A

Exploratory surgery or Ultrasound  enlarged Adrenal gland
Blood test for elevated Androgens
ACTH stim or the LDDS tests are not used
Is not associated with elevated cortisol or elevated Alk Phos as in the dog
Pruritis does not respond to treatment

45
Q

how do you surgically treat hyperadrenocorticism in ferrets

A

Adrenalectomy– left gland is easier

Surgery is curative

46
Q

what is the medical treatment of hyperadrenocorticism in ferrets

A

Lupron, originally used to treat prostate and breast cancers
Lupron (Leuprolide) is a GnRH analog that minimizes the secretion of LH and FSH and thus, the sex hormones from the adrenal gland.
Requires Monthly injections or a 4 month implant
There is another implant that can last for 6-12 months

47
Q

when do you not treat an animal for hyperadrenocorticism

A

If the only clinical sign is Alopecia ok not to treat

Ok if No pruritis, No prostate problems

48
Q

why would you use lupron in a ferret

A

For ferret with adrenal disease give an injection every 30 days

49
Q

why will an unswayed ferret die

A

Estrogen toxicity due to prolonged estrus

Induced ovulators

50
Q

what disorders are ferrets prone to

A

Insulinoma
Adrenal gland disease
Mast cell tumors
Lymphoma

51
Q

describe gastrointestinal foreign bodies in ferrets

A

Gastrotomy to remove a foreign body in a ferret
Very common because of ferrets’ inquisitive nature
Rubber FB most common in younger animals (ear plugs, toys, etc.)
Trichobezoars seen in older animals

52
Q

what are clinical signs of gastrointestinal foreign body in ferrets

A

chiefly anorexia also vomiting, melena, weight loss

53
Q

how do you diagnose gastrointestinal foreign body in ferrets

A

palpation, radiography

54
Q

how do you treat gastrointestinal foreign body in ferrets

A

immediate surgery

Exotics (5 decks)

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