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Avian Flashcards

1
Q

How do you tell a male from a female cokateil

A

How do you tell male from female- female has wing spots and tail bars

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2
Q

What are cockateils prone to

A

overproduction of eggs

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3
Q

where are budgies originally found

A

originally from Australia
many bred in Germany + here

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4
Q

describe new world parrotlets

A

similar size to a love bird
group of the smallest New World parrot species
Form life-long and tight pair bonds with their chosen mates.

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5
Q

describe conures

A

medium sized birds

from central + south america

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6
Q

describe a hyacinthe macaw

A

South America
Six years to mature
Only lay 1 or 2 eggs a year

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7
Q

What are all macaws prone to

A

All Macaws are prone to :

Proventricular Dilation Disease= PDD ( macaw wasting dse)

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8
Q

Why are male and female eclectus parrots confused for two different species of birds

A

Until recently, male & female eclectus parrots were considered to be two different species of birds due to their unique and prominent sexual dimorphism. ( male  green).. From New Guinea ( old world)

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9
Q

how do you sexually differentiate budgies

A

Budgie - blue cere in male- brown in female

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10
Q

how do you sexually differentiate most parrots

A

Are sexually monomorphic
Male birds are homogametic (have two Z chromosomes) while females are heterogametic (have one Z and one W chromosome).
Surgical or by Blood Sample

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11
Q

What birds are considered passerines

A

Canaries and Finches

Songbirds

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12
Q

describe the integument of birds

A

thin epidermis

No sub cut fat- easier to fly

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13
Q

do birds have sweat glands? how do they cool down or warm up?

A

No sweat glands. Puff up if cold or flap wings if warm

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14
Q

do amazons have a preen gland?

A

no

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15
Q

what can happen to the uropygial gland in budgies

A

tutors can develop

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16
Q

where is the uropygial gland found

A

On dorsal surface at upper base of the tail

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17
Q

what does preening stimulate/do

A

Preening stimulates secretion of an oily, fatty substance

Bird uses beak to spread the oil throughout its feathers to clean and waterproof them

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18
Q

describe the claws of psittacines

A

Psittacines digits 2+2 point anteriorly

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19
Q

describe the claws of passerines

A

Passerines are 3 +1

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20
Q

what are common feet problems in birds

A

Problems with feet

  • Scaly leg mite– knemodecoptes
  • Vit A df- hyperkaratosis
  • pododermatitis
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21
Q

describe claws of birds

A

Horny sheath derived from specialized scales at the end of each toe
Grow continuously
Variable types of claws, depending on perching habits and method of procuring food

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22
Q

describe the perching reflex

A

When the bird bends its legs to perch the tendons pull the toes around the foot

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23
Q

how do you handle raptors when dealing with the perching reflex

A

keep the legs straight

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24
Q

how do you trim the nails of birds

A

straighten the leg

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25
Q

describe the beak of birds

A

Beak- modified to its function –Upper and lower mandible covered with a horny keratin layer
Grows continuously
Variable hardness and flexibility, depending on the function

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26
Q

why are birds lighter

A

hollow bones, no teeth, no jaw bones, no sub q fat

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27
Q

what is the function of feathers

A

flight, protection, communication, thermoregulation

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28
Q

what is the anatomy of contour feathers

A

Anatomy of contour feather– umbilicus, quill, rachis, vane, barbs and barbules and hooklets

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29
Q

what are the 6 feather types

A 
Contour feather
Semiplume
Downfeathers- warmth
Filoplume
Bristle
Powder down
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30
Q

what are the different types of contour feathers

A

remiges (flight)
rectrices (tail)
Coverts

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31
Q

where are the primary feathers located

A

Primary feathers- from the carpus distally

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32
Q

where are the secondary feathers located

A

Secondary feathers- from elbow to the carpus

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33
Q

describe the contour feathers

A

Flight feathers of the wings and tail

(remiges and retrices)

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34
Q

how are the contour feathers moved

A

Moved by muscles attached to the walls of

the follicles

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35
Q

describe the auricular feathers

A

small contour feathers
around external ear openings
Improve bird’s hearing ability

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36
Q

describe the structure of the Vane of a feather

A 
flattened part of a feather 
Numerous slender, 
closely spaced barbs 
that give rise to 
barbules containing 
hooklets (hamuli) 
Hooklets interlock 
each barbule with an 
adjacent one
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37
Q

describe the semiplume feathers

A

Have main rachis with barbs 
and no barbules or hooklets

Found under contour feathers

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38
Q

what is the function of the semiplume feathers

A

Provide insulation
Provide flexibility for movement of contour feathers
Help with buoyancy in water birds

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39
Q

describe the down feathers of birds

A 
Down feathers 
Soft, fluffy feathers 
Lack a true shaft
No barbules or hooklets 
Located next to skin under contour 	feathers
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40
Q

what is the function of down feathers

A

warmth

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41
Q

what are the 2 major types of feather damage

A

feather mites

daily wear and tear

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42
Q

describe feather mites

A

Feather mites and other external parasites can chew and consume parts of the feather vanes

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43
Q

describe daily wear and tear

A

Daily wear and tear: lighter tips of flight and tail feathers can be worn off

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44
Q

describe stress bars in feathers

A 
Fault bar (stress bar): weakened area on the feather vane where barbs lack barbules – Look for during GPE
Results from stress that interrupts blood flow during feather growth
Common stressor:  poor diet
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45
Q

what is a brood patch

A

area of dermis in breast that thickens with blood vessels during brooding- to incubate eggs

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46
Q

what is a feather tract

A

—pterylae—apteria (no feathers)

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47
Q

what are blood feathers

A

a growing feather-can see the vein

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48
Q

describe feather pickers

A

Often behavioral OCD

BUT must rule out all medical possibilities by doing tests

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49
Q

What tests need to be done on a bird who is plucking his own feathers

A

GPE and extensive review of history
Identify stressors and nutritional factors
X-ray- heavy metal
Blood tests : CBC + BIOCHEM- to insure good health
Fecal smear and floatation to rule out parasites
Gram stain- of feces, Choana, crop contents
PCR tests for PBFD

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50
Q

how much of the birds body weight is made up of feathers

A

4-12%

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51
Q

what is molting

A

Process of feather replacement
In most species, feather replacement is symmetrical
One or two pairs of flight feathers molted at a time
Many species of waterfowl molt all flight feathers at once after the breeding season

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52
Q

how often are feathers molted

A

Occurs once to several times a year, depending on species

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53
Q

when a feather is melted, what is it covered with

A

Feather emerges covered by periderm
Periderm removed by preening
Sometimes a bird that is molting can over preen

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54
Q

how is the old feather removed during molting

A

newly developing feather pushes old feather out

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55
Q

describe the appearance of a new feather

A

New feather has visible Blood vessels (blood feather)

When feather is fully grown, blood dries up

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56
Q

what is psittacine beak and feather disease

A

caused by a circovirus—results in the production of abnormal or dystrophic feathers + weakens immune system
the powder down feathers are first affected, the last are the primaries
Birds die within 1-3 years from time of diagnosis

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57
Q

which animal was beak and feather disease first described in

A

cockatoos

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58
Q

what does pssitacine beak and feather disease cause

A

Beak Necrosis, Feather Dystrophies, worsening with each successive molt

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59
Q

what are the early signs of PBFD

A

Early signs are subtle changes in down feathers

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60
Q

how do you diagnose PBFD

A

PCR test for the virus

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61
Q

describe the pectorals muscle

A

(downstroke)– 20% of birds weight - This is Where we give IM injections

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62
Q

describe the supracoracoideus muscle

A

used for upstroke

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63
Q

what has the fused vertebrae of the bird replaced

A

the dorsally located muscles

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64
Q

what is the function of red muscle

A

used fat for energy. very long distance flyers

65
Q

what is the function of white muscle

A

use of glycogen for energy

66
Q

what bones are often fractured with window strikes

A

Coracoid often fractured

With window strikes

67
Q

what is the function of the Allula

A

steering

68
Q

what are the birds adaptations for flight

A

reduction in the number of bones
fusion of many bones
pneumatic bones- hollow bones

69
Q

describe the axial skeleton of the bird

A

more cervical vertebrae
rigid thoracic vertebrae
lumbosacral area is fused with pelvis- SYNSACRUM
Sternum—large keel bone

70
Q

what bones make up the pectoral girdle

A

coracoid, scapula, clavicle (wish bone)


71
Q

in birds what is larger, the ulna or the radius

A

the ulna

72
Q

what is the name of the wing web of birds

A

patagium

73
Q

describe the vision of birds

A

very well developed-
Eye is of different shapes in different species
they have better visual acuity than us
more nerves going to the rods and cones–thicker retina
Sclerotic rings- ossicles that support and protect eyes
Transparent nictitating membrane – acts as a lens in diving birds–

74
Q

describe the iris muscle in birds

A

Iris muscle is striated- under voluntary control- not autonomic (will not dilate with atropine)

75
Q

what is located in the vitreous humour of birds

A

pecten- allows for additional blood supply to bird.

76
Q

what happens if the pecten is injured in raptors

A

it can’t be released

77
Q

what birds have a second fovea

A

hawks

78
Q

what spectrum do birds see in

A

UVA light spectrum

79
Q

describe the hearing of birds

A

BIRDS HEAR 10 x faster than us

Extremely well developed in Barn Owls-asymmetric ears and Facial disk

80
Q

describe the middle ear of birds

A

Middle ear- columnella instead 3 bones

81
Q

describe the taste sense of birds

A

Not well developed

Fewer taste buds

82
Q

describe the smell sense of birds

A

Poorly developed in most birds

Better developed in vultures

83
Q

describe the common structures of the digestive system

A 
BEAK
MOUTH- no soft palate-- Choana
CROP- storage
STOMACH =  Proventriculus and Gizzard
Liver- bilobed
Pancreas
Duodenum. Jejunum. ileum
Large intestine
\+/- ceca  (herbivores)
cloaca
84
Q

What is the function of the crop

A

Courtship regurgitation
Pigeons produce crop milk
Problems with Hand fed baby birds- impacted crops—Sour crop

85
Q

what is a common diagnostic test with the crop

A

Crop Wash to check for parasite, fungal, bacterial infection

86
Q

what is the function of the proventriculus

A

glandular stomach

87
Q

what is the function of the ventriculus

A

gizzard - very muscular- grinding function (grit is here)

88
Q

what are the 3 parts of the cloaca

A

coprodeum
Urodeum
Proctodeum

89
Q

what are the feces in birds called

A

mutes

90
Q

what are the 3 parts of the bird’s mute

A

feces, urates, urine

91
Q

describe normal bird droppings

A

Diets with a high seed content usually produce homogeneous dark green feces.
Birds on formulated pellet diets normally exhibit soft, brownish feces.
Urine is normally a clear liquid. A diet high in vegetable and fruit matter may increase the urine component.

92
Q

what are some important diagnostic characteristics from urine/feces

A

Decrease in the total number or volume of droppings ( history)
Color change of the urates/urine to green or yellow
Increase in the water content of the feces (diarrhea)
Increase in the urine portion (polyuria).
Passing whole seeds is abnormal

93
Q

how do you evaluate the mute of a bird

A

Have client bring in cage or take photos

The stress of transporting and examining the bird will change the character of the mutes so you can not rely on this

94
Q

describe proventricular dilation disease

A

affects the nerves of the GI tract-
the proventriculus becomes very enlarged.
There is passing of whole seeds in feces
A crop biopsy can confirm.
PCR test for virus is not reliable at this time

95
Q

describe the papilloma virus

A

cloacal papillomatosis: in amazons

This can become a progressively fatal disease

The warts ( papillomas) end
Check for this in GPE-  invert the cloaca
96
Q

describe the cardiovascular system of birds

A

High body temp. 42 C (104-105°F.)
High heart rates- only 6 secs to made a complete circuit
An average heart rate for a bird is approximately 400 bpm. While in flight, it can increase 2-3 times as fast!

97
Q

describe erythrocytes of birds

A

ERYTHROCYTE oval, nucleated, larger than mammals, PCV- 35-55,

5% recticulocytes is normal
A responsive anemia should see >10% reticulocytes

98
Q

describe the leukocytes of birds

A

HETREROPHILS- equivalent to neutrophil, rod shaped orange granules.
See increase in chlamydiosis and other bacterial infections

  Eosinophils-- round granules
  Basophils – rare
  Lymphocytes
  Monocytes
Thrombocytes (platelets)
99
Q

what anticoagulant do you use with a bird blood smear

A

lithium heparin

100
Q

where do you perform venipuncture in birds

A

basilar vein

medial metatarsal

101
Q

where can you give iv/sc injections

A

in the potassium

in the intraosseus catheter

102
Q

how much blood can be safely drawn from a bird

A

1% of total body weight

103
Q

what is the total blood volume of birds

A

10% of body weight

104
Q

describe the large infraorbital sinus of birds

A

rostrovental to the eye—2 exits are dorsal- a bird with sinusitis often looks like conjunctivitis

105
Q

how do you treat birds sinusitis

A

sinus flush

106
Q

describe the respiratory system

A

Nares, choana
no epiglottis – Glottis
no larynx—Syrinx- voice box
Complete tracheal rings- do not use a cuffed ET tube
bronchi—mesobronchi—parabronchi—air capillaries (no alveoli)
Lung is fixed
Air sacs
Birds do not possess a diaphragm. Air sacs within the coelomic cavity take up 1/5th of the bird’s body volume.

107
Q

describe the avian femur

A

it is a pneumatic bone which is part of their respiratory system

108
Q

what can happen in the air sacs

A

air sacculitis - aspergilla - aspergillosis

109
Q

Describe the path of air through a bird

A

Inspiration 1- air goes to posterior airsacs- where it is warmed and humidified –
expiration 1- it is pushed into the lungs where gas exchange occurs- countercurrent exchanges system very efficient O2 extraction

Inspiration 2- it moves to the cranial air sacs
expiration 2 – air leaves the bird’s body

110
Q

what are budgies prone to, in the urogenital system

A

renal adenocarcinoma

111
Q

describe the size of the kidneys in birds

A

kidneys larger and divided into 3 parts

112
Q

describe the uric acid of birds

A

Urates- white- main nitrogenous waste product- will be elevated with kidney disease and failure

113
Q

describe gout in birds

A

Excess uric acid in the bird is called - GOUT- it often deposits in the joints and causes lameness

114
Q

what is BUN a measure of in birds

A

measure of hydration

115
Q

describe the reproductive system of birds

A

Females are the heterozygous one ZW
Testes are in the abdomen
Females have only one ovary on left side
Aquatic birds have a phallus

116
Q

describe female reproductive anatomy

A 
Infundibulum-
Magnum- secretes albumin
Isthmus-shell membrane
Uterus-shell gland
Vagina stores sperm,
117
Q

describe normal biochemistry tests in birds

A 
ALT, SGPT-- little use in avian- is present in all cells- not liver specific
AMYLASE- elevated in pancreatitis and enteritis
AP, SAP- little use
AST, SGOT--  liver and muscle
CK, CPK -- muscle
Bile Acids -- liver function
Bilirubin is  not that useful  birds produce biliverdin-
Calcium-  elevated in laying birds
Glucose- 
BUN-- hydration status
Uric Acid- kidney
Creatinine - not useful
118
Q

what causes knemidokoptes mites

A

Sarcoptes mite
Scaly beak and leg mite
Responds well to ivomec

119
Q

describe pox disease in birds

A

psittacine, cutaneous form. These two Fischer lovebirds are suffering from eye lesions caused by a parrot pox virus. Most of the affected birds did not survive. Other species often have lower mortality rates.

120
Q

where are the common sites for fibrosarcoma in the pet bird

A

beak and face

121
Q

describe hepatic lipidosis in birds

A

gross lesions, cockatiel. A pale liver is located beneath the heart, nestled in a pad of abdominal body fat. Diet consisted of mixed seeds, of which only sunflower seeds were actually eaten.

122
Q

Describe feather cysts

A

This macaw shows a single large ingrown feather or feather cyst. Canaries are commonly affected with multiple feather cysts.

123
Q

summarize all viral diseases

A

Proventricular Dilatition Disease—Macaw wasting dse – virus aborna

Newcastle Disease- reportable dse– Is the reason for the 45 day quarantine of BIRDS

Polyomavirus- pediatric dse of parrots- can be carried by budgies
Pacheco Disease—herpes virus—carried by Conures—Amazons very susceptible
There is a vaccine- no longer a problem at HARI

POX virus-canary

Psittacine Beak and Featherdse—PBFD
—circo virus

Papillomatosis  Amazons + Macaws very susceptible
124
Q

What does the polyoma virus cause

A

widespread hemorrhage, acute death

125
Q

describe polyoma/vaccination for polyoma

A

Adults require yearly booster
Neonates – 5 weeks and 8 weeks

Budgies may be unapparent carriers
May cause Budgie fledgling disease- dystrophic feathers

126
Q

what are the 2 common liver diseases

A

Fatty Liver

Aspergillosis

127
Q

what are misc. diseases of birds

A

Overgrown Beak
Brown Hypertrophy of Cere
Female budgie
Feather Bars– stress bars

128
Q

describe psittacine herpesvirus hepatitis

A

Psittacine HV-1,2,3– Herpes Virus
South American Origin– ***problem mixing birds from different geographic areas
Cockatoos and Amazons die per acutely
Macaws die acutely
Conures (Nanday and Patagonian) incriminated as carriers

129
Q

what are the common signs of psittacosis

A 
Respiratory Involvement: airsacculitis
Leukocytosis, heterophilia, monocytosis
Anemia
AST elevation, TP, bile acids
Hepatomegaly, splenomegaly\
Fibrinopericardititis
130
Q

What are common nutritional disorders

A

Obesity—Hepatic Lipidosis-

Vitamin A Imbalance

Calcium, Phosphorous, Vit D3 Imbalance

Iodine deficiency/ Goiter

131
Q

what are the problems with a seed only diet

A

Df—Vit A, Vit D, riboflavin, vitB12-

Df- minerals; Calcium, sodium, iodine, copper, zinc, manganese, selenium

Df- amino acids- lysine, methionine
Xs- fat
Imbalance – amino acids, Ca:P, vit E, Se
seed - Goiter- budgie on an all seed diet

132
Q

describe vitamin A deficiency

A

Vit A df- hyperkeratosis of epithelium- GPE look at Choanal papillae

133
Q

describe B vitamin and mineral deficiency

A

results in poor feathering and may result in feather picking especially after a molt

134
Q

describe obesity in birds

A

fatty liver disease

135
Q

describe Ca, P, Vitamin D imbalance

A

lameness, fractures,
African Grays are prone to hypocalcemic tetany
Egg binding/dystocias -+ egg shell problems

136
Q

what are common parasitic diseases

A 
Helminths     -Tapeworm   --Ascarids
Filarial worms
Protozoa-  Giardia,  coccidia
Arthropods 	-air sac mites- Canaries
   - budgies knemidokoptes--> scaly face and leg mite
- feather mites
137
Q

what are common fungal diseases in birds

A

Mycotoxicosis- mold infected grain
Candidiasis- yeast– crop infections
Aspergillosis- opportunistic
Megabacterioisis-(avian gastric yeast)

138
Q

what are early signs of disease in birds

A

Broken, bent, picked or chewed feathers
Stained feathers over nares or around the face or vent or Crusty material in or around nostrils
Redness, swelling or loss of feathers around eyes, baldness
Sores on bottom of feet /Lameness /shifting of body weight
Minor changes in talking, biting, or eating habits

139
Q

what are the clinical signs of serious illness in birds

A

Significant changes in number and appearance of the droppings
Decreased or excessive food or water consumption
Change in attitude, personality or behavior
Fluffed posture
Decreased vocalization
Change in breathing or abnormal respiratory sounds
Change in weight or general body condition
Enlargement or swelling on the body
Any bleeding or injury
Vomiting or regurgitation
Discharge from nostrils, eyes, or mouth

140
Q

what are common zoonosis with birds

A

Chlamydiosis
Salmonellosis
Tuberculosis
Influenza A

141
Q

describe chlamydophila in birds

A

Chlamydiosis, also referred to as psittacosis in people and parrot fever in birds
Chlamydophila psittaci, formerly classified as Chlamydia psittaci.
Treatment with doxycycline or chlortetracycline is the standard of care.

142
Q

what are some common skin problems in birds

A

Brown Hypertrophy of the Cere- Budgies
Lipomas- lipomatosis
Self trauma

143
Q

what are common feather problems in birds

A

Feather picking
Continuous molting
Feather cysts - ingrown feather forms a granuloma– likely congenital– may be underlying virus induced folliculitis

144
Q

what are common respiratory problems in birds

A

Sinusitis
Pneumonia
Air sacculitis
Dyspnea-Anything occupying the abdominal space:tumor, helpatomegaly,ascites

145
Q

what is the clinical sign of resp. distress

A

tail bobbing

146
Q

what are common GI diseases

A

Vomiting or Regurgitation

Abnormal droppings

147
Q

what are common reproductive conditions in birds

A 
Chronic egg laying
Egg binding
Egg yolk peritonitis
Prolapsed cloaca-oviduct-uterus
Sexual aggression
148
Q

what are common neoplasia in birds

A 
Fibrosarcoma
Carcinoma— e.g. renal
Lymphosarcoma
Lipoma
Pituitary Masses
149
Q

what are the common kidney disorders in birds

A

gout

polyuria

150
Q

what are the common endocrine disorders in birds

A

Diabetes

Hypothyroidism

151
Q

what are the common toxicosis in birds

A

Toxic fumes
Lead, Zinc
avocado

152
Q

what are some pediatric conditions in birds

A

Aspiration pneumonia
Crop burn, crop stasis, infection
Beak and leg abnormalities

153
Q

describe avian hepatic lipidosis

A

most commonly seen in birds eating high fat diets (seed), especially after a sudden dietary change (i.e. to a pelleted diet) or a period of anorexia

  • similar pathogenesis to that seen in other species
  • more commonly seen in Amazon parrots
154
Q

what are the clinical signs of hepatic lipidosis

A

anorexia

  • “sick bird syndrome” - fluffed appearance, lethargy, increased sleeping
  • biliverdinuria– see green urates
155
Q

what are the physical/diagnostic findings of avian hepatic lipidosis

A

radiographically, enlargement of the hepatic silhouette can be seen

  • hepatomegaly may be palpable
  • AST, bile acids, and cholesterol are elevated
156
Q

describe avian aspergillosis

A

occurs in psittacines, raptors, and water fowl
* Aspergillus is ubiquitous in the environment and infection is thought to be caused by either immunosuppression or massive exposure to the organism.

Penguins in zoos– are very susceptible

157
Q

what are the clinical signs of avian aspergillosis

A

dyspnea, change in voice, reluctance to talk (parrots), respiratory click, emaciation, exercise intolerance

158
Q

what are the physical/diagnosistc findings of avian aspergillosis

A

some birds may become very stressed when handled and need to stay in an oxygen cage

  • increased respiratory effort observed on physical exam
  • severe leukocytosis of 20-100,000 WBCs/µL
  • heterophilia with a left-shift, monocytosis, and lymphopenia
  • non-regenerative anemia, increased total protein and globulin
159
Q

how do you diagnose avian aspergillosis

A

endoscopic visualization of plaques in the trachea (especially at the level of the syrinx) or airsacs
evidence of air sacculitis may be apparent on radiographs
culture is valuable if taken from sites such as the trachea, air sacs, and lungs
histopathology
Treatmant
* Long term anti-fungal therapy with Amphotericin B, terbinafine, diflucan and/or intraconazole.
* Endoscopic removal of plaques, especially those lodged at the syrinx.

Exotics (5 decks)

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