Feralis 2

Question 1

Membrane proteins: peripheral (loosely attached to one side surface), integral (embeds inside membrane), transmembrane (all the way through, both sides – this is a TYPE of [……….])

Answer 1

Membrane proteins: peripheral (loosely attached to one side surface), integral (embeds inside membrane), transmembrane (all the way through, both sides – this is a TYPE of [integral])

Question 2

Phospholipid membrane permeability – [………..] can freely pass across the membrane. Everything else requires transporter (large, polar, charged molecules)

Answer 2

Phospholipid membrane permeability – [small, uncharged, nonpolar molecules (polar can only if small and uncharged) and hydrophobic molecules] can freely pass across the membrane. Everything else requires transporter (large, polar, charged molecules)

Question 3

Peripheral membrane proteins are generally hydrophilic; held in place by [……….]. Disrupt/detach by changing salt cxn or pH to disrupt these interactions. Integral proteins are hydrophobic; use detergent to destroy membrane and expose these proteins.

Answer 3

Peripheral membrane proteins are generally hydrophilic; held in place by [H-bonding and electrostatic interaction]. Disrupt/detach by changing salt cxn or pH to disrupt these interactions. Integral proteins are hydrophobic; use detergent to destroy membrane and expose these proteins.

Question 4

Channel proteins: provide passageway through membrane for [………..] (water-soluble) substances (polar, and charged).

Answer 4

Channel proteins: provide passageway through membrane for [hydrophilic] (water-soluble) substances (polar, and charged).

Question 5

Recognition proteins: such as major-histocompatibility complex on macrophage to distinguish between self and foreign; they are [………] due to oligosaccharides attached.

Answer 5

Recognition proteins: such as major-histocompatibility complex on macrophage to distinguish between self and foreign; they are [glycoproteins] due to oligosaccharides attached.

Question 6

Ion channels: passage of ions across membrane. Called [………..] in nerve and muscle cells, respond to stimuli. Note that these can be voltage-gated (respond to [……….]), ligand-gated ([……..]), or mechanically-gated (respond to […………]).

Answer 6

Ion channels: passage of ions across membrane. Called [gated channels] in nerve and muscle cells, respond to stimuli. Note that these can be voltage-gated (respond to [difference in membrane potential]), ligand-gated ([chemical binds and opens channel]), or mechanically-gated (respond to [pressure, vibration, temperature, etc]).

Question 7

Porins: allow passage of [………….]. Aquaporins increase rate of H2O passing (kidney and plant root cells). These tend not to be specific, they’re just large passages, if you can fit you’d go through.

Answer 7

Porins: allow passage of [certain ions + small polar molecules]. Aquaporins increase rate of H2O passing (kidney and plant root cells). These tend not to be specific, they’re just large passages, if you can fit you’d go through.

Question 8

Carrier proteins: bind to specific molecules, protein changes [……..], molecule passed across. E.g. glucose into cell.(this is a type of transport protein). Carrier seems to be specific to movement across membrane via integral membrane protein.

Answer 8

Carrier proteins: bind to specific molecules, protein changes [shape], molecule passed across. E.g. glucose into cell.(this is a type of transport protein). Carrier seems to be specific to movement across membrane via integral membrane protein.

Question 9

Transport proteins: can use ATP to transport materials across (not all transport use ATP). Active transport. E.g. Na+-K+ pump to maintain gradients. Facilitated diffusion as well(does not use […….]). Transport protein is a broad category that encompasses many of the above.

Answer 9

Transport proteins: can use ATP to transport materials across (not all transport use ATP). Active transport. E.g. Na+-K+ pump to maintain gradients. Facilitated diffusion as well(does not use [ATP]). Transport protein is a broad category that encompasses many of the above.

Question 10

Adhesion proteins: attach cells to [………..].

Answer 10

Adhesion proteins: attach cells to [neighboring cells, provide anchors for internal filaments and tubules (stability)]

Question 11

Receptor proteins: binding site for [……..].

Answer 11

Receptor proteins: binding site for [hormones + other trigger molecules]

Question 12

Cholesterol: adds […….] of animal cells under normal conditions (but at [……..] it maintains its fluidity); […….] provide similar function in plant cells. Prokaryotes do not have cholesterol in their membranes (use [………….] instead)

Answer 12

Cholesterol: adds [rigidity to membrane] of animal cells under normal conditions (but at [low temperatures] it maintains its fluidity); [sterols] provide similar function in plant cells. Prokaryotes do not have cholesterol in their membranes (use [hopanoids] instead)

Question 13

Glycocalyx: a carbohydrate coat that covers [……….]. It consists of [………………]. It may provide […………].

Answer 13

Glycocalyx: a carbohydrate coat that covers [outer face of cell wall of some bacteria and outer face of plasma membrane]. It consists of [glycolipids (attached to plasma membrane) and glycoproteins (such as recognition proteins)]. It may provide [adhesive capabilities, a barrier to infection, or markers for cell-cell recognition.]

Question 14

Nucleus:

chromatin is when the DNA not [……….]; [……………..] is condensed chromatin when the cell is ready to divide

Answer 14

Nucleus:

chromatin is when the DNA not [condensed]; [chromosomes] is condensed chromatin when the cell is ready to divide;

Question 15

Nucleus

histones serve to organize DNA which coil around it into [……..]

Answer 15

Nucleus

histones serve to organize DNA which coil around it into [bundle nucleosomes (8 histones)]

Question 16

Nucleus:

[………] inside the nucleus are the maker of ribosomes (rRNA).

Answer 16

Nucleus:

[nucleolus] inside the nucleus are the maker of ribosomes (rRNA).

Question 17

Nucleus:
rRNA is synth’d in nucleolus + ribosomal proteins imported from cytoplasm = ribosomal subunits form; these subunits are [………].

Answer 17

Nucleus:
rRNA is synth’d in nucleolus + ribosomal proteins imported from cytoplasm = ribosomal subunits form; these subunits are [exported to the cytoplasm for final assembly into complete ribosome].

Question 18

Nucleus:

Nucleus bound by {…….] (mRNA, ribosome subunits, dNTPs, proteins like RNA polymerase + histones, etc) in/out.

Answer 18

Nucleus:
Nucleus bound by [double layer nuclear envelope w/ nuclear pores for transport] (mRNA, ribosome subunits, dNTPs, proteins like RNA polymerase + histones, etc) in/out.

Question 19

Nucleus:

Note there is no “cytoplasm” in nucleus, there’s a […….] instead.

Answer 19

Nucleus:

Note there is no “cytoplasm” in nucleus, there’s a [nucleoplasm] instead.

Question 20

Nuclear Lamina: dense fibrillar network inside [……….] (Intermediate filaments + membrane assoc. proteins). Provides mechanical support; also helps regulate [………..]

Answer 20

Nuclear Lamina: dense fibrillar network inside [nucleus of eukaryotic cells (Intermediate filaments + membrane assoc. proteins). Provides mechanical support; also helps regulate [DNA replication, cell division, chromatin organization.]

Question 21

Nucleoid: irregular shaped region within the [……………] that contains all/most generic material

Answer 21

Nucleoid: irregular shaped region within the [cell of prokaryote] that contains all/most generic material

Question 22

Cytoplasm: this is an area, not a structure! metabolic activity and transport occur here. [……….] is streaming movement within cell. Doesn’t include nucleus, but does include [………..]

Answer 22

Cytoplasm: this is an area, not a structure! metabolic activity and transport occur here. [Cyclosis] is streaming movement within cell. Doesn’t include nucleus, but does include [cytosol, organelles, everything suspended w/in cytosol but nucleus]

Question 23

Cytosol: difference vs cytoplasm (cytosol doesn’t include the stuff suspended within the gel-like substance, it is [………..]. Think jello vs veggie stew.)

Answer 23

Cytosol: difference vs cytoplasm (cytosol doesn’t include the stuff suspended within the gel-like substance, it is [JUST the gel-like stuff]. Think jello vs veggie stew.)

Question 24

Ribosomes: [……..] = 80S, prokaryote ([………] = 70S); the two subunits produced inside the nucloleus moved into the cytoplasm where they [………….] (larger S value indicates heavier molecule). Made of RNA+protein, function to make proteins.

Answer 24

Ribosomes: [60S + 40S] = 80S, prokaryote ([50S + 30S] = 70S); the two subunits produced inside the nucloleus moved into the cytoplasm where they [assembled into a single 80S ribosomes] (larger S value indicates heavier molecule). Made of RNA+protein, function to make proteins.

Question 25

ER: rough ER (with ribosomes) creates glycoproteins by attaching [………] as they are assembled by ribosomes. In eukaryotes the rough ER is continuous with [………..]

Answer 25

ER: rough ER (with ribosomes) creates glycoproteins by attaching [polysaccharides to polypeptides] as they are assembled by ribosomes. In eukaryotes the rough ER is continuous with [the outer nuclear membrane.]

Question 26

ER: Smooth ER (no ribosomes) synthesizes [……….] for export. Can also store […………]

Answer 26

ER: Smooth ER (no ribosomes) synthesizes [lipids and steroid hormones] for export. Can also store [ions, e.g. Ca 2+]

Question 27

In liver cells, smooth ER has functions in breakdown of […….] from cellular rxn.

Answer 27

In liver cells, smooth ER has functions in breakdown of [toxins, drugs, and toxic by-products] from cellular rxn.

Question 28

Lysosomes: vesicles produced from Golgi that contain […………]

Answer 28

Lysosomes: vesicles produced from Golgi that contain [digestive enzymes (low pH for function)]

Question 29

Lysosomes:
any enzyme that escape from lysosomes remains […………] in the neutral pH of cytosol (other source says autolysis)(lysosomes in plant cell – maybe, but generally taught as none). Functions in apoptosis (releases contents into cell).

Answer 29

Lysosomes:
any enzyme that escape from lysosomes remains [inactive] in the neutral pH of cytosol (other source says autolysis)(lysosomes in plant cell – maybe, but generally taught as none). Functions in apoptosis (releases contents into cell).

Question 30

Golgi: transport of various substances in vesicles ([……..] face is for incoming vesicles, [……..] face for secretory vesicles). Has flattened sacs known as [……..]

Answer 30

Golgi: transport of various substances in vesicles ([cis] face is for incoming vesicles, [trans] face for secretory vesicles). Has flattened sacs known as [cisternae.]

Question 31

Peroxisomes: break down substances (H2O2 +RH2 => R + 2H2O), fatty acid, and amino acid; common in [………] where they break toxic substances.

Answer 31

Peroxisomes: break down substances (H2O2 +RH2 => R + 2H2O), fatty acid, and amino acid; common in [liver and kidney] where they break toxic substances.

Question 32

In plant cell, peroxisomes modify by-products of [………]

Answer 32

In plant cell, peroxisomes modify by-products of [photorespiration.]

Question 33

Peroxisomes
In germinating seeds, it is called [………] and it breaks down stored […………] to help generate energy for growth.

Answer 33

Peroxisomes
In germinating seeds, it is called [glyoxysomes] and it breaks down stored [fatty acids] to help generate energy for growth.

Question 34

Peroxisomes […….] which they then use to oxidize substrates, they can also break down H2O2 if necessary (H2O2 => H2O + O2)

Answer 34

Peroxisomes [produce H2O2] which they then use to oxidize substrates, they can also break down H2O2 if necessary (H2O2 => H2O + O2)

Question 35

Microtubules: made up of protein […….], provide support and motility for cellular activities; [……..] which guide chromosomes during division; in flagella and cilia (9+2 array; […………..]) in all animal cells and lower plants (mosses, ferns).

Answer 35

Microtubules: made up of protein [tubulin], provide support and motility for cellular activities; [spindle apparatus] which guide chromosomes during division; in flagella and cilia (9+2 array; [9 pairs + 2 singlets in center]) in all animal cells and lower plants (mosses, ferns).

Question 36

Intermediate filaments: provide [……….]

Answer 36

Intermediate filaments: provide [support for maintaining cell shape.]

Question 37

Microfilament: made up of [……..] and involved in cell motility. (skeletal muscle, amoeba pseudopod, cleavage furrow)

Answer 37

Microfilament: made up of [actin] and involved in cell motility. (skeletal muscle, amoeba pseudopod, cleavage furrow)

Question 38

Microtubules organizing centers (MTOCs): include [……..] (are at the [……….] and organize their development). […………] array.

Answer 38

Microtubules organizing centers (MTOCs): include [centrioles and basal bodies] (are at the [base of each flagellum and cilium] and organize their development). [9x3] array.

Question 39

Plant cells lack centrioles because its division is by cell plate instead of cleavage furrow – note that plants DO have [………]

Answer 39

Plant cells lack centrioles because its division is by cell plate instead of cleavage furrow – note that plants DO have [MTOC’s]

Question 40

[…………] vacuoles: move materials between organelles or organelles and the plasma membrane

Answer 40

[Transport] vacuoles: move materials between organelles or organelles and the plasma membrane

Question 41

Food vacuoles: temporary receptacles of nutrients; merge with [……….] which break down food.

Answer 41

Food vacuoles: temporary receptacles of nutrients; merge with [lysosomes] which break down food.

Question 42

Central vacuoles: large, occupy most of plant cell interior, exert [……….] to maintain rigidity. Also […………] performed by lysosomes in animal cells. Have a specialized membrane ([………….])

Answer 42

Central vacuoles: large, occupy most of plant cell interior, exert [turgor when fully filled] to maintain rigidity. Also [store nutrients, carry out functions] performed by lysosomes in animal cells. Have a specialized membrane ([tonoplast])

Question 43

Storage vacuoles: plants store [………..] (nicotine).

Answer 43

Storage vacuoles: plants store [starch, pigments, and toxic substances] (nicotine).

Question 44

Contractile vacuoles: in single-celled organisms that collect and [………] (prevent bursting). Active transport. Found in Protista like amoeba and paramecia, organisms live in [………….]

Answer 44

Contractile vacuoles: in single-celled organisms that collect and [pump excess water out of the cells] (prevent bursting). Active transport. Found in Protista like amoeba and paramecia, organisms live in [hypotonic environment.]

Question 45

Cell walls: found in plants, fungi, protists, and bacteria ([…………] in plants; [……….] in fungi; [……….] in bacteria, [………….] in archea). Provides support. Sometimes a secondary cell wall develops [……….]

Answer 45

Cell walls: found in plants, fungi, protists, and bacteria ([cellulose] in plants; [chitin] in fungi; [peptidoglycans] in bacteria, [polysaccharides] in archea). Provides support. Sometimes a secondary cell wall develops [beneath the primary one.]

Question 46

Extracellular matrix: found in animals, in area between adjacent cells (beyond plasma membrane and glycocalyx); occupied by […….] secreted by cells; provide [………….] ([…………] is most common here, we also see [………….]).

Answer 46

Extracellular matrix: found in animals, in area between adjacent cells (beyond plasma membrane and glycocalyx); occupied by [fibrous structural proteins, adhesion proteins, and polysaccharides] secreted by cells; provide [mechanical support and helps bind adjacent cells] ([collagen] is most common here, we also see [integrin+fibronectin]).

Question 47

Plastids: found in plant cells. [……….] (site of photosynthesis), [……..] (store starch), [……..] (store carotenoids)

Answer 47

Plastids: found in plant cells. [Chloroplasts] (site of photosynthesis), [leucoplasts] (store starch), [chromoplasts] (store carotenoids)

Question 48

Mitochondria: make ATP, also fatty acid [……….]! (fatty acids are made in [……..]). Also have their own […………] (gives rise to endosymbiotic theory!). Have a [………..] membrane.

Answer 48

Mitochondria: make ATP, also fatty acid [catabolism (B-oxidation)]! (fatty acids are made in [cytosol]). Also have their own [circular DNA and ribosomes] (gives rise to endosymbiotic theory!). Have a [double layered] membrane.

Question 49

Cytoskeleton: microtubules (ex. flagella & cilia), microfilaments, intermediate filaments. In eukaryotic cells, aids in [……..].

Answer 49

Cytoskeleton: microtubules (ex. flagella & cilia), microfilaments, intermediate filaments. In eukaryotic cells, aids in [cell division, cell crawling, and the movement of cytoplasm and organelles].

Question 50

Note on plant cells: in a hypotonic solution (their normal state), vacuole [……….]. In isotonic, the plant cell is [……….]. In hypertonic, the cell is [………..]. Fungal cells also remain [………..] due to cell wall, but animal cells will [……….]

Answer 50

Note on plant cells: in a hypotonic solution (their normal state), vacuole [swells and becomes turgid]. In isotonic, the plant cell is [flaccid]. In hypertonic, the cell is [plasmolyzed – cytoplasm is pulled away from the cell wall]. Fungal cells also remain [turgid] due to cell wall, but animal cells will [burst (cytolysis).]

Question 51

The endomembrane system is the network of organelles and structures, either directly or indirectly connected, that function in the transport of proteins and other macromolecules [………..].Includes plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, nuclear envelope, lysosomes, vacuoles, vesicles, endosomes but not [………]

Answer 51

The endomembrane system is the network of organelles and structures, either directly or indirectly connected, that function in the transport of proteins and other macromolecules [into or out of the cell].Includes plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, nuclear envelope, lysosomes, vacuoles, vesicles, endosomes but not [the mitochondria or chloroplasts.]

Question 52

Intracellular Circulation:
Brownian movement (particles move due to kinetic energy, spreads [...........])

Answer 52

Intracellular Circulation:
Brownian movement (particles move due to kinetic energy, spreads [small suspended particles throughout cytoplasm])

Question 53

Intracellular Circulation:

Cyclosis/streaming: [……….] around cell transport molecules

Answer 53

Intracellular Circulation:

Cyclosis/streaming: [circular motion of cytoplasm] around cell transport molecules

Question 54

Intracellular Circulation:

Endoplasmic Reticulum: Provides channel through cytoplasm, provides direct continuous passageway from [……….]

Answer 54

Intracellular Circulation:
Endoplasmic Reticulum: Provides channel through cytoplasm, provides direct continuous passageway from [plasma membrane to nuclear membrane]

Question 55

Extracellular Circulation:
Diffusion: If cells in [………..], can suffice for food and respiration needs. Also used for transport of materials between [………..] in more complex animals

Answer 55

Extracellular Circulation:
Diffusion: If cells in [close contact with external environment], can suffice for food and respiration needs. Also used for transport of materials between [cells and interstitial fluid around cells] in more complex animals

Question 56

Extracellular Circulation:

[………..]: complex animals w/ cell too far from external environment require one. Use vessels.

Answer 56

Extracellular Circulation:

[Circulatory system]: complex animals w/ cell too far from external environment require one. Use vessels.

Question 57

Anchoring junctions: desmosome ([…………] filaments inside attach to adhesion plaques which bind adjacent cells together, providing mechanical stability, hold cellular structures together). In [……….] cells. Present in tissues with [……….] – skin epithelium, cervix/uterus

Answer 57

Anchoring junctions: desmosome ([keratin] filaments inside attach to adhesion plaques which bind adjacent cells together, providing mechanical stability, hold cellular structures together). In [animal] cells. Present in tissues with [mechanical stress] – skin epithelium, cervix/uterus

Question 58

Tight junctions: completely encircles each cell, producing a seal that prevents the [……..]; characteristic of cells lining the digestive tract where materials are required to pass through cells into blood (They prevent the passage of molecules and ions through the space between cells. So materials must actually enter the cells (by diffusion or active transport) in order to pass through the tissue). In […….] cells.

Answer 58

Tight junctions: completely encircles each cell, producing a seal that prevents the [passage of materials between cells]; characteristic of cells lining the digestive tract where materials are required to pass through cells into blood (They prevent the passage of molecules and ions through the space between cells. So materials must actually enter the cells (by diffusion or active transport) in order to pass through the tissue). In [animal] cells.

Question 59

Gap junction: narrow tunnels between animal cells ([……….]); prevent cytoplasms of each cell from mixing, but allow passage of [………..]; essentially channel proteins of two adjacent cells that are closely aligned (smooth muscle single of spreading action potential). In animal cells. Tissue like heart have these to pass [……..]

Answer 59

Gap junction: narrow tunnels between animal cells ([connexins]); prevent cytoplasms of each cell from mixing, but allow passage of [ions and small molecules]; essentially channel proteins of two adjacent cells that are closely aligned (smooth muscle single of spreading action potential). In animal cells. Tissue like heart have these to pass [electrical impulses]

Question 60

Plasmodesmata: narrow tunnels between [………….] (narrow tube of endoplasmic reticulum-desmotubule; but exchange material through cytoplasms surrounding the desmotubule).

Answer 60

Plasmodesmata: narrow tunnels between [plant cells] (narrow tube of endoplasmic reticulum-desmotubule; but exchange material through cytoplasms surrounding the desmotubule).

Question 61

Eukaryotes include all organisms except for [……..]

Answer 61

Eukaryotes include all organisms except for [bacteria, cyanobacteria, and archaebacteria.]

Question 62

Prokaryotes have a [………..]

Answer 62

Prokaryotes have a [plasma membrane, DNA molecule, ribosomes, cytoplasm, and cell wall]

Question 63

In prokaryotes:

1. [………] nucleus.

Answer 63

In prokaryotes:

1. [No] nucleus.

Question 64

In prokaryotes:

2. Single [………] DNA.

Answer 64

In prokaryotes:

2. Single [(circular) naked] DNA.

Question 65

In prokaryotes:

3. Prokaryote (50S + 30S = […….]);

Answer 65

In prokaryotes:

3. Prokaryote (50S + 30S = [70S]);

Question 66

In prokaryotes:

4. [………..] (peptidoglycan); archea (polysaccharides); plants (cellulose);and fungi (chitin).

Answer 66

In prokaryotes:

4. [Cell walls] (peptidoglycan); archea (polysaccharides); plants (cellulose);and fungi (chitin).

Question 67

In prokaryotes:

5. Flagella are [……..] in prokaryotes.

Answer 67

In prokaryotes:

5. Flagella are [not constructed from microtubules] in prokaryotes.

Question 68

Hypertonic ([………] solute concentration), hypotonic ([……..] solute concentration), isotonic (equal solute concentration)

Answer 68

Hypertonic ([higher] solute concentration), hypotonic ([lower] solute concentration), isotonic (equal solute concentration)

Question 69

Bulk Flow = collective movement of substances in the same direction in response to a […………..] (e.g. blood)

Answer 69

Bulk Flow = collective movement of substances in the same direction in response to a [force or pressure] (e.g. blood)

Question 70

Passive Transport:

Simple diffusion, osmosis, dialysis (diffusion of [……..])

Answer 70

Passive Transport:

Simple diffusion, osmosis, dialysis (diffusion of [different solutes across a selectively permeable membrane])

Question 71

Plasmolysis (movement of [……..])

Answer 71

Plasmolysis (movement of [water out of a cell that results in its collapse])

Question 72

Countercurrent exchange (diffusion by [……..] – blood and water in fish gills).

Answer 72

Countercurrent exchange (diffusion by [bulk flow in opposite directions] – blood and water in fish gills).

Question 73

Active Transport – movement of transports against their [……..]. Usually solutes like small ions, amino acids, monosaccharides

Answer 73

Active Transport – movement of transports against their [concentration gradients, requiring energy]. Usually solutes like small ions, amino acids, monosaccharides

Question 74

Endocytosis: uses […….] (active process)

Answer 74

Endocytosis: uses [ATP] (active process)

Question 75

Phagocytosis: [……….] enters cell; white blood cell engulfs. Plasma membrane wraps [……..]

Answer 75

Phagocytosis: [undissolved material (solid)] enters cell; white blood cell engulfs. Plasma membrane wraps [outward around]

Question 76

Pinocytosis: [……..] Plasma membrane invaginates.

Answer 76

Pinocytosis: [dissolved material (liquid).] Plasma membrane invaginates.