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Feminist Philosophy Midterm > Feminist Philosophy Final > Flashcards

Feminist Philosophy Final Flashcards

1
Q

racialization

A

assigned a nonwhite race (having one’s culture devalued, “double consciousness”, pressure to assimilate, denied white privilege)

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2
Q

first wave

A

WOC feminist liberal feminist focus, often excluded African American women

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3
Q

second wave

A

Combahee River Collective (Black lesbian feminists, believed that all forms of oppression are co-constitutive. CRC fought for reproductive rights, healthcare, desegregation, and against police brutality), Comision Femenil Mexicana National

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4
Q

multiculturalism

A

political movement recognizing the collective identity of oppressed groups

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5
Q

intersectionality

A

Kimberle Crenshaw, 1989, axes of oppression and highlighting unique struggles of WOC and failures of institutions to recognize them

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6
Q

third wave

A

multiculturalism, intersectionality

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7
Q

Sojourner Truth

A

“Ain’t I a Woman?”, first wave feminism, emphasized freed slave women’s experiences aren’t the same as bourgeoisie white women’s

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8
Q

Audre Lorde

A

poet, lesbian, Black feminist. First wave feminism. Women’s power is not white or surface level.

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9
Q

bell hooks

A

feminism is a movement of women and men to end sexism with lesbians at the center

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10
Q

Patricia Hill Collins

A

African American women’s oppression is economic, political, and most importantly ideological

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11
Q

epistemology

A

theory of knowledge (concrete, subjective, partial)

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12
Q

Latin American/Latina/Chicana Feminism

A

calls out submissiveness of Mexican American women in Chicana culture

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13
Q

Gloria Anzaldua and Cherrie Moraga

A

women of mixed cultures, “mestiza”, Latin American women experience themselves as “the other” in the mainstream

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14
Q

Maria Lugones

A

reminds us that Latin American women must participate in the Anglo world, but not vice versa.

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15
Q

Asian American Feminism

A

critiqued feminists of color for ignoring Asian American women, cultural stereotypes

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16
Q

Grace Lee Boggs

A

solutions to oppression are beyond categorization.

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17
Q

Leslie Bow

A

Asian is the third race in the Jim Crow era and the U.S. Black/white binary

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18
Q

interstitial populations

A

between racial categories

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19
Q

Mitsuye Yamada

A
  • It’s easier for white women, more so than WOC, to achieve equality with white men.
  • WOC shouldn’t have to choose between fighting sexism and fighting racism. - “Out group” are often seen as having “personal” angers that aren’t validated
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20
Q

Indigenous Feminism

A

includes problem of colonization, refusal to be erased, seeking difference alliance, recognizing indigenous ways of knowing and stressing sovereignty

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21
Q

Paula Gunn Allen

A

Criticized Women of All Red Nations (WARN), the meaning of “woman” is different in indigenous vs. European context. Tribal perspective: women as agents.

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22
Q

Color-blindness

A

seems well-intentioned, but neurologically impossible. Promotes ignorance of racial diversity. Erases history of marginalized groups and progress made.

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23
Q

race

A

a social construct, no such thing as biological subspecies

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24
Q

Critiques of WOC feminisms

A

“of color” is objectifying, hard for feminists to unite, intersectionality is limited (the categories themselves are problematic)

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25
Q

Globalization

A

economic, political, and social integration resulting from migration and communication across the world

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26
Q

global feminism

A

links between global oppressions, no one is free until all women are free, work within local communities, implications of action on an international scale

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27
Q

Reproductive technology

A

can be effective, but governments often use it to control women and girls. Contraception can be unsafe in countries with no follow up care.

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28
Q

abortions and population control

A

China’s one child policy created a sex imbalance, female infanticide and dowries in India

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29
Q

Susan Moller Okin

A

women as “second sex”, general + specific women’s needs, gender inequality is experienced by all women in some way or another.

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30
Q

Postcolonial feminism

A

former colonizers have stigmatized, defined, controlled, and devalued the cultures of colonized peoples
stresses economic and political issues as colonized people more than as women

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31
Q

Critiques of Postcolonial feminism

A
  • only so many global resources and they are unevenly distributed.
  • “Colonial world order” must perpetrate economics gaps to keep all of its power.
  • Women’s affluence in developed countries depends on women’s poverty in developing countries.
  • women in developed countries vs developing countries: they’re in competition
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32
Q

human trafficking

A

mostly women and children, reflects global marketing trends and all humans are degraded. Governments overlook prostitution’s effect on women “trapped in sex work”

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33
Q

Transnational feminism

A

sensitive to women’s differences, interest in “specific activist movements”

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34
Q

Critiques of global, postcolonial, and transnational feminism

A

too much “rights talk - privileges first generation over second
Neglects particular women’s experiences - “universality” as just cultural imperialism, no first-hand experience with women in other countries
Doesn’t address real concerns of the formerly colonized

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35
Q

is there a common good?

A

Yes: things can be universally morally wrong, regardless of their cultural context - makes it hard to realize some cultures as “objectively wrong” (ex. Holocaust, FGM)

No: cultural relativism makes it so there is no objective, natural morality. - seems attractive in that it seems to honor diversity. Subjective.

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36
Q

Psychoanalytic feminism

A

fundamental explanation of women’s acts comes from their psyche. Freudian and Lacanian. Infantile and early childhood experiences are key. Society privileges masculine over feminine. Must change the language of gender.

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37
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

not a feminist, stages of psychosexual development: oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital.
“Normal”: boys are masculine, girls, feminine, everyone cis and straight

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38
Q

superego

A

voice of reason, ego/id (animal instinct)

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39
Q

Girls (psychoanalytic feminism)

A

Freud beliefs:
- Love begins with mother, but then switches gender.
- harder to achieve “normal sexuality” due to switch in love object
- penis envy - wants baby instead of penis
- learns to derive sexual pleasure from vagina
- undesirable traits: narcissism, vanity, shame
- no fear of castration
- inferior sex

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40
Q

Boys (psychoanalytic feminism)

A

Freud beliefs:
- first love is mother
- wants to possess mother and kill father, but also wants father to love them
- fear of castration

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41
Q

Dorothy Dinnerstein

A

women as “mermaids, men as “minotaurs”
for infants, mother is unpredictable and unreliable (causes pleasure and pain) so infant comes to feel ambivalent towards her

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42
Q

Destructive Paradigm

A
  • Men: intense desire to control
  • Women: fears power of mother within herself and seeks to be controlled, wants to satisfy man, personal sentiment is tied to sex
  • Women begin as “it” (infant does not know mother), men begin as “I” (father comes after child has made it/I distinction)
  • Men displace fears onto women’s bodies.
  • We associate women’s bodies with sickness and injury, so “scapegoat” women for society’s wrongs.
43
Q

“object relational” experiences

A

experiences of infants with mothers (boy senses mother’s body as different)

44
Q

Critiques of psychoanalytic feminism

A
  • root causes of women’s oppression are not just psychological (social systems, material conditions, etc.)
  • fail to see diverse family structures (not just white, straight, 2-parent, bourgeoise)
45
Q

Juliet Mitchell

A

(Psychoanalytic feminism)
- Freud’s theories show how social people come to be from their biology
- essence of it is universally acceptable
- incest taboo is necessary for human society

46
Q

patriarchy and religion

A
  • Abrahamic religions (Judaism, Christianity, Islam) think of god as “the father”
  • Psychoanalytic feminists recommend therapy to realize that male does not equal authority, god is not male, etc.
  • spiritual idea of many deities or “the goddess”
47
Q

Care focused feminism

A

gender-specific values and virtues

48
Q

Carol Gilligan

A
  • moral reasoning stressing particular individuals’ needs and responsibilities
  • the ideal moral agent may actually be more care-oriented
  • humans shouldn’t be taught to suppress emotions
  • moral strength of women
49
Q

Nel Noddings

A
  • Traditional ethics favored “male” values
  • society tends to undervalue care
  • believes ethics of care to be better than ethics of justice
50
Q

Critiques of care feminism

A
  • caring is a two edged moral concept (there are negative consequences to associating women with care.)
  • Justice is also feminist – justice can be a great defense against racism, sexism, xenophobia, etc.
  • Is care unconditional?
51
Q

Maternal ethics

A

mother/infant relationships are the paradigm for care; care is both public and private.

52
Q

Virginia Held

A

Justice is important in legal/economic spheres, care is important in child rearing and the importance of society cultivating emotions and trust

53
Q

Eva Feder Kay

A

“dependency workers” (avoid the idea that all women are born to be mothers. Dependency workers assume daily responsibility for one’s survival.) theory of justice and care is necessary for equality

54
Q

Critiques of maternal ethics

A
  • Unbalanced: unequal relations should not be basis for society
  • Mother/child has a shaky ethical basis (ex. Parents can control children)
  • Concerns mostly white women. (care is already basic in Black households)
  • many defenders of maternal ethics say we can rescue care from the patriarchal structures that would misuse or abuse it.
55
Q

ecofeminism

A
  • domination of human world is tied to feminist issues
  • nature and women are analogous, and men hold domination over both.
  • Androcentrism is the main problem
  • irrational dominations as social constructs
56
Q

value-hierarchal (ecofeminism)

A

power assumptions

57
Q

logic of domination

A

it is natural and justifiable that one group/thing has power over another

58
Q

human centered environmentalism

A

harming the environment harms people. Sometimes need to sacrifice environment for human interests. May be due to Judeo-Christian teachings or mechanistic science. Dominant until 1940s.

59
Q

earth-centered / biocentric environmentalism / deep ecology

A

earth as an organism itself. Nature as having intrinsic value. Life is rich and diverse; humans have no right to reduce it.

60
Q

nature ecofeminism

A

women’s natural connection is undervalued, nature/women is better than culture/men, men’s pollution, death, dispirit - Mary Daly

61
Q

Spiritual ecofeminism

A

women should abandon the idea of an omnipotent male spirit. Gaia, goddess worship, etc.

62
Q

Starhawk

A

Wiccan priestess and social activist. Women are better at knowing the connection to nature. Earth-based spirituality that is responsible, interconnected, and compassionate.

63
Q

critiques of ecofeminism

A

reduces women to just bodies, spiritual feminism isn’t secular enough

64
Q

transformative ecofeminism

A

sought to transform nature-women connection

65
Q

Karen J. Warren

A

dualisms as social constructs, feminism as a movement to end sexism AND naturalism, interlocking oppressions in many forms

66
Q

global ecofeminism

A

women and elements, criticizes west’s idea of “one”, nature is exhaustive and we should conserve it.

67
Q

vegetarian ecofeminism

A

opposed to animal’s pain and suffering.

68
Q

environmental ecofeminism

A

production and consumption should enhance life for all. Sustainability.

69
Q

sustainability

A

satisfy present generation without compromising future generations

70
Q

critiques of ecofeminisms (plural)

A

transformative ecofeminism requires too much commitment. Global feminism is self-contradictory, associating women with rationality, western women vs. western culture, or all-is-one vs. plurality

71
Q

ecofeminist nesting

A

creating a private home with less negative impact on the earth

72
Q

intellectual empathy

A

trying to think critically about social identity differences together with people we don’t agree with (not about being “nice” or “politically correct”, but rather critical thinking)

73
Q

Linker’s five skills of intellectual empathy

A
  1. knowing that social identity is intersectional
  2. recognizing that privilege is typically invisible to those who have it
  3. conduct critical thinking with cooperative, rather than combative, reasoning
  4. attempting to build/create trust based on certain conditions.
  5. recognize mutual vulnerability
74
Q

Social identity

A

how people define themselves and others in terms of social groups

75
Q

critical thinking

A

can allow us to develop different perspectives, but it can be difficult because social identity is so personal

76
Q

false dichotomies

A

we are convinced there are two opposing roles people take in issues of social difference

77
Q

three parts of a good argument

A
  1. acceptability: believability on the premises and the source of the premises
  2. relevance of the premises to the conclusion
  3. grounds: the sufficiency of the reasons for believing the conclusion is true (justification)
78
Q

pseudoreasoning

A

persuasion that doesn’t meet the criteria for a good argument (i.e. not engaging with issues, no evidence, no justification)

79
Q

systemic unseeing

A

Sarah Ahmed, focuses on the individual and ignores institutions such as media, business, education, etc.

80
Q

Socrates - “know thyself”

A

how our behavior affects others and the importance of our self awareness

81
Q

cognitive dissonance

A

contradictory beliefs or beliefs that don’t align with reality

82
Q

metacognition

A

thinking about what we think
- comfortable with being uncomfortable

83
Q

cooperative reasoning

A

openness, willing to question one’s own beliefs, offer evidence to understand another’s POV ( we can still disagree, but our goal is to relax our defenses and assess)

84
Q

conditional trust

A

when faced with a biased or stereotypical claim, we trust that the person who made it is reasonable and well-intentioned, so we engage with them about the claim.

85
Q

essentials for conditional trust

A
  1. the person must be willing to consider counterevidence
  2. we must remain open to consider counterevidence
  3. if they admit to making a joke, we acknowledge that mistakes happen.
  4. if pressed with questions to reflect on their beliefs and potential bias, we offer reassurance that they won’t be hated or distrusted in the future.
86
Q

bias/stereotypes

A

rooted in fear, are unjustified, and are faultily reasoned

87
Q

humor

A

can be helpful or harmful. Can allow us to laugh with the speaker and unpack complex stereotypes

88
Q

playfulness

A

the “wise fool” and self awareness - not assuming you know everything

89
Q

world traveling

A

refers to traveling between different social identities and cultural norms (ex. family, friends, job)

90
Q

virtuous hearing

A

listening in which we are self-aware and try to correct for our own prejudice in judging credibility

91
Q

loving perception

A

Marilyn Frye: desire to know and assess the lives of those from other worlds. Compassion mutuality, and dependency. Go into a world and try to understand what it is to be them. Contrasts with arrogant perception.

92
Q

agnostic attitude/colorblindness

A

social divisions are shaped by institutions and reinforced when we fail to see difference.

93
Q

double consciousness

A

minority peoples must understand the beliefs and cultures of the majority to survive

94
Q

feminism

A

active resistance to sexism and oppression

95
Q

liberal feminism

A

the political equality of men and women - prioritized individual and legal rights

96
Q

radical feminism

A

true gender equality requires a radical reordering of society
- rejected traditional sex-gender system

97
Q

radical libertarian feminism

A

believed the feminine gender is limiting and women should be androgynous

98
Q

radical cultural feminism

A

affirm womanhood, femininity, and its associated virtues.
- it is better to be feminine
- men should become more like women

99
Q

lesbian separatist feminism

A

women should have as few dealings with men as possible

100
Q

classical Marxist feminism

A

believe that classism is the fundamental cause of women’s oppression

101
Q

socialist feminists

A

understand women’s oppression systematically (class, race, etc.)

102
Q

socialist feminism

A

women’s work is still unpaid, underpaid, and devalued worldwide

103
Q

value-dualisms

A

men over women, white over Black, wealthy over poor, etc.

Feminist Philosophy Midterm (2 decks)

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