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Making the familiar strange > FEMINISM > Flashcards

FEMINISM Flashcards

1
Q

What is the quote regarding the ‘unexplained absence’ of women in sociological theory?

A

‘and what about the women?’ (Ritzer 1996)

accounts given focus on male experience

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2
Q

What is the importance of feminism in regards to sociological theory?

A

There is a bias in the sociological lense

All white men & male perspectives (Marx, Durkheim, Weber)

Focus on the public life (this is gendered)

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3
Q

What does feminist theory provide?

A

A detailed critique of conventional sociological theory

Women’s experiences have been marginalised

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4
Q

Who defined the 7 different feminisms?

A

Rosemarie Tong 2013

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5
Q

LIBERAL feminism

A
  • Re emerged in the 1960s after suffrage
  • Interested in same legal, political & economic rights
    within the ALREADY ESTABLISHED ORDER

Research into American housewives
- BETTY FRIEDAN ‘The Feminine Mystique’ (1963) - ‘is this all?’

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6
Q

MARXIST critique of LIBERAL feminism?

A

Fails to address the underlying structures that cause inequality

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7
Q

MARXIST feminism

A
  • Women’s oppression is linked to CAPITALISM
  • Sexual division of labour shapes gender relations &
    capitalist relations of production
  • Capitalism dismisses domestic work as not real work
  • WOMEN CANNOT BE LIBERATED WITHIN A CAPITALIST
    SOCIETY
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8
Q

How do Marxist feminists split the idea of labour?

A

PRODUCTIVE labour = public sphere, mainly male orientated

REPRODUCTIVE labour = focused on reproducing family, private sphere, female dominated

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9
Q

FRIEDRICH ENGELS (1884)

A

Recognised the PUBLIC/PRIVATE split
Is furthered by men passing down property to their sons

= Economic forces of capitalism assign gender roles

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10
Q

SOCIALIST feminism

A

Cultural as well as economic causes of inequality
- More emphasis on PATRIARCHY as opposed to
capitalism
- Gender inequalities pre existed capitalism

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11
Q

Who wrote ‘Women’s oppression today’ and what year was it written?

A

Michelle Barrett (1980)

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12
Q

What is Michelle Barrett’s (1980) argument?

A
  • The family hides inequality of power
  • It restricts women’s access to paid labour
  • Promotes and maintains gender ideologies
    ( a financially dependent wife and children creates a system of economic dependence )
    THE FAMILY DISGUISES WOMEN’S OPPRESSION
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13
Q

RADICAL feminism

A

Patriarchy = HOW and WHY women are oppressed

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14
Q

Who wrote ‘Sexual Politics’ and what year was it written?

A

Kate Millett (1970)

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15
Q

What is Kate Millet’s (1970) argument?

A

Relations between men and women are relations of power

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16
Q

What is reading assigned to the ESSENTIALIST notion?

A

‘Of woman born’ Adrienne Rich (1977)

17
Q

What does Adrienne Rich (1977) argue?

A
  • There are innate BIOLOGICAL differences between men
    and women
  • Women’s ability to be a mother helps to explain women’s
    expression
18
Q

SEXUALITY

Who wrote ‘Feminism unmodified’ and in what year?

A

Catherine MacKinnon (1987)

19
Q

And what does Feminism unmodified (Catherine MacKinnon 1987) argue about sexuality?

A

In heterosexual relationships, women are powerless and used as objects of male sexual pleasure

20
Q

This can lead to SEPARATISM. What is this?

A

A specifically female sexuality (lesbianism or celibacy replace heterosexuality)

21
Q

What is feminist EPISTEMOLOGY?

A
  • Men and women have different experiences and
    standpoints
  • All social knowledge is related to the gender of the
    observer or theorist
    (women have a particular knowledge due to patriarchy. oppression)
22
Q

What are the male and female standpoints?

A

CONVENTIONAL MAINSTREAM SOCIOLOGY
= Male standpoint

FEMINIST RESEARCH
= Female standpoint

Mainstream should be seen as… MALEstream (lol)

23
Q

Who coined the idea of ‘A feminist standpoint’?

A

Dorothy Smith

24
Q

What IS a feminist standpoint?

A
  • Women and men have different embodied experiences
  • Women have experiences which exclude men
    (eg Mothering, Childbirth)
  • This advocates a different sociology of for women
25
Q

Is a feminist standpoint reflexive?

A

YES it focuses on personal experience and relations with other’s experiences

It CHALLENGES prevailing objectivist view of value free social science, and sees this as a thin mask for MALE BIAS

26
Q

CRITICISMS of standpoint theory?

A
  • Experiences are also shaped by ETHNICITY or SEXUAL
    ORIENTATION as well as other factors such as age, class
    and disability
FOR EXAMPLE
Middle class men and middle class women may have far more in common than middle and working class women
27
Q

why is THERE IS NO SINGLE FEMALE STANDPOINT?

A

there are black middle class women and white working class women etc

28
Q

1st wave

A

(mid 19th - 20th century)

  • Women’s suffrage
  • Rights to property
  • Mary Wollstonecraft - Vindication of the Rights of Women
29
Q

2nd wave

A

(1960s)

  • Liberal feminism (Betty Friedan 1963)
  • Economic, political and legal equality
30
Q

Criticisms of the 2nd wave?

A
  • Criticised for EXCLUSIVITY
  • Essentialist notions of feminity and assumed a unitary
    female standpoint (thus excluding black and working
    class women
31
Q

3rd wave (post structuralist/modern)

A

(late 1980s) CHALLENGING ESSENTIALISM

  • Focuses on gender DIFFERENCES
  • There is no single female standpoint (black middle class,
    white working class = completely different gender
    experiences)
  • Women employ and oppress other women
  • What do we mean by ‘woman’?
32
Q

What book did Judith Butler write?

A

Gender Trouble (1990)

33
Q

What does Judith Butler (1990) argue in this?

A
  • There is no fixed category for women (rejecting second
    wave feminists unitary standpoint)
  • Gender differences should be CHALLENGED rather than
    REINFORCED
  • We need to deconstruct the idea that gender is an
    ESSENTIALIST category
34
Q

POST STRUCTURALISM (Judith Butler 1990)

A
  • Butler develops Foucalt’s work in relation to feminist
    theories of gender
  • Exposes normative models of gender and
    heterosexuality
  • Human subjects should be understood in terms of their
    social construction and therefore have no foundational
    existence or core
    (more constructivist epistemology/ anti- foundationalist ontology)
35
Q

Naomi Wolf (1991)

A

The Beauty Myth (1991)

  • Challenges essentialist ideas of femininity in BEAUTY
  • Beauty is a patriarchal construction
  • Uncovers why women are consumed by a destructive
    obsession of beauty through advertising, relationships
    etc
36
Q

bell hooks (1981)

A

Ain’t I a woman? (1981)

  • Feminism EXCLUDES black women (largely white middle
    class campaigners speaking for ‘all’ women.
  • Reinforces racism and classism stereotypes
  • Patriarchy cannot equate to male dominance due to the
    history of oppression for black men characterised by
    slavery and colonisation
37
Q

What is bell hook’s opinion on black nationalism?

A

She sees it a patriarchal and misogynist movement. Overcame racial divisions by strengthening sexual ones.

Making the familiar strange (4 decks)

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