Feminism Flashcards
What are the two different beliefs in what feminism is ABOUT?
A belief in women’s rights
A belief in gender equality
What did Bell Hooks say that feminism is?
a movement to end sexism, sexist exploitation and oppression
What is the 1st wave of feminism and give an example of their focus at that time?
Suffragettes; focus on formal institutions – women’s representation
What is the 2nd wave of feminism and give an example of their focus at that time?
feminism from late 60s/70s: Shift of focus towards power and gender in society more generally
What is the 3rd wave of feminism and give an example of their focus at that time?
Focus on difference and empowerment – the ‘sex wars’
What is the 4th wave of feminism and give an example of their focus at that time?
Internet and intersectionality – transgender/’free the nipple’/Page 3
What does Beauvoir say about being a women?
‘one is not born, but rather becomes, a woman’
What study relates mostly to gender constructions
Ann Oakley - Gender Scripts
OR
Parsons - Functionalist Sex Role Theory
What do Evolutionary Psychologists say about gender scripts?
Cultural gender roles can be so ingrained that we tend to see them as ‘natural’
Who said that gender is perfomative?
Judith Butler
What is meant by performative gender?
what you do not what you are
How do Feminism critique Marxists/Capitalism?
Tendency to write off gender-based struggle as secondary to class-based struggle
What did Fraser say about Feminism AND capitalism?
‘capitalism’s handmaiden’
Who wrote the book ‘Lean In’ telling women how to assert themselves in the work place?
Sheryl Sandberg
How was the book ‘Lean In’ criticised?
just because women know how to assert themselves, doesn’t mean they’ll be given the opportunity to do so.
Why is popular feminism inefficient for BAME women?
have to face other inequalities that make being a woman just another form of subordination
What is the triple oppression that black women face?
Racism, sexism and class-based oppression
What is intersectionality?
Draws attention to multiple oppressions and how they work together to worsen oppresion
Who can be effected by sexism?
women AND men
What did Carver say about men?
‘Men are not born, but made’
What was the anti-feminist backlash?
media-driven backlash against feminist advances caused ‘not by women’s achievement of full equality but the increased possibility that they might win it’
What did McRobbie say about modern western feminism?
witnessing the ‘disarticulation’ of feminism
What are formal examples of sexism as a social structure?
legislatures, workplaces etc.
What are informal examples of sexism as a social structure?
marriage, the family, friendships
Who said that women were ‘space invaders’
Puwar
How does Heywood (2015) define feminism?
an ideology which aims to advance the social role of women
What did Kinser say about feminism as an ideology?
feminist ideology is grounded in white, middle class values, but is frequently used to generalise amongst all women
What is modern popular feminism said to ignore?
political, economic and cultural inequalities that affect working-class, disabled, elderly and ethnic minority women most profoundly
What example is there that feminism benefits middle class women?
Campaigns led by middle class women - better education. Reflection of their needs, focus on politics
What do Marxist/Socialist feminists believe?
capitalism is the main source of oppression, not sexism
What arguements do Marxists feminists give to support their beliefs?
women are seen as a source of cheap, exploitable labour, who can be paid less than men due to their subordinate status.
Who said that women are the takers of shit?
Fran Ansley
Why does modern feminism not support working class women?
different economic and social needs than the middle class women leading the core movements
Who found that class boundaries did not stop the flow of ideas?
Greenwald
What do ethnic minorities challenge feminism for?
universalising white, western women’s needs and ignoring the enormous differences between women who had arose from imperialism, racism and slavery
What prompted Black Feminism?
both feminism and the civil rights movement
Why would feminism not want to support black women?
would reinforce ideas of racial hierarchy in order to remain in power
What does Bell Hooks say about gender equality?
there is little point making women equal to men when not all men are equal
