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Y3 Obs and Gynae Anatomy > Female Reproductive System and Breast > Flashcards

Female Reproductive System and Breast Flashcards

1
Q

What is the perineum?

A

Shallow space between the pelvic diaphragm (levator ani) and the skin

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2
Q

List the parts of the female reproductive system in the pelvic cavity

A

Ovaries
Uterine tubes
Uterus
Superior part of vagina

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3
Q

List the parts of the female reproductive system in the perineum

A 
Inferior part of vagina
Perineal muscles
Bartholin's glands
Clitoris
Labia
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4
Q

What is the function of the inferior part of the PARIETAL peritoneum?

A

Floor of peritoneal cavity

Roof over pelvic organs

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5
Q

State the two pouches formed by the female periotenum

A

Vesico-uterine - between bladder and uterus

Recto-uterine - between rectum and bladder (Pouch of Douglas)

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6
Q

Where does excessive abnormal fluid from the peritoneal cavity usually collect? How is this managed?

A

Pouch of Douglas (most inf. part of peritoneal cavity)

Drained via needle passed through posterior fornix of vagina

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7
Q

Name and outline the ligaments of the uterus

A 
Broad ligament (double layer of peritoneum containing uterine tubes and proximal round ligament)
Round ligament (embryological remnant)
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8
Q

What is the function of the broad ligament of the uterus?

A

Helps maintain uterus in correct midline position via lateral attachments

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9
Q

List the three components of the broad ligament of the uterus, and their associations

A

Mesosalpinx (uterine tube)
Mesovarian (ovaries)
Mesometrium (uterus)

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10
Q

What are they layers of the uterus?

A

Perimetrium
Myometrium
Endometrium

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11
Q

Which layer of the uterus is shed during the menstrual cycle?

A

Endometrium

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12
Q

What is the name for the opening in the center of the ectocervix (passage between vagina and uterus)?

A

External cervical os

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13
Q

What is the name for the opening of the uterus from the cervix?

A

Internal cervical os

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14
Q

Where does implantation normally occur?

A

Body of uterus

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15
Q

Implantation outside the body of the uterus is known as…

A

Ectopic pregnancy

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16
Q

List the layers of support that help to hold the uterus in position

A

Number of strong ligaments e.g. uterosacral
Endopelvic fascia
Muscles of pelvic floor e.g. levator ani

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17
Q

Weakness of the layers of support for the uterus results in what clinical pathology of the female reproductive system?

A

Uterine prolapse

Movement of the uterus inferiorly

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18
Q

What is the most common positions of the uterus?

A

Anteverted (cervix tipped anteriorly relative to axis of vagina, sits on top of bladder)
Anteflexed (uterus tipped anteriorly relative to axis of cervix)

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19
Q

List normal variations that can occur in uterine position

A

Retroverted (uterus tipped posteriorly relative to axis of vagina)
Retroflexed (uterus tipped posteriorly relative to axis of cervix)

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20
Q

Which area of the cervix should be sampled during cervical smear, and is a common site for cervical dysplasia?

A

Squamo-columnar junction (transformation zone)

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21
Q

Outline the route taken by an ovum from ovary to implantation

A 
Ovary
Infundibulum
Ampulla
Isthmus
Uterus
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22
Q

What structures present on the infundibulum open into the peritoneal cavity and pick up ovum?

A

Fimbrae

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23
Q

Where does fertilisation normally occur?

A

Ampulla of the uterine tube

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24
Q

What is the clinical term for removal of both uterine tubes and ovaries?

A

Bilateral salpingophrectomy

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25
Q

What is the clinical term for removal of one uterine tube?

A

Unilateral salpingectomy

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26
Q

The uterine tubes provide communication between the genital tract and peritoneal cavity. What is the clinical consequences of this?

A

PID can cause peritonitis

Ectopic pregnancy can develop in peritoneal cavity

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27
Q

What is the function of the ovaries?

A

Secrete oestrogen and progesterone in response to FSH and LH

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28
Q

Where do the ovaries develop?

A

Located on posterior abdominal wall and descend to the lateral pelvic cavity

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29
Q

Ovum are released directly into the periotenal cavity. True/ False?

A

True

Then picked up by fimbrae

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30
Q

The walls of the vagina are normally in contact. Where is the exception to this?

A

Superiorly where cervix holds them apart forming a fornix

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31
Q

What is a ‘fornix’?

A

Space around cervix

32
Q

List the components of a fornix

A

Anterior
Posterior
2 lateral

33
Q

Where can the ischial spines be palpated on vaginal digital exam?

A

Laterally at 4 and 8 o’clock

34
Q

What is assessed during bimanual palpation in a vaginal digital exam?

A

Position of uterus

35
Q

How are the adnexae palpated on vaginal digital exam?

A

Fingers into lateral fornix
Press on same iliac fossa
Detect any large masses or tenderness

36
Q

What are the ‘adnexae’ of the female reproductive tract?

A

The appendages to the uterus - fallopian tubes, ovaries, and ligaments

37
Q

What is the function of the openings in the pelvic floor?

A

Passage of distal alimentary, renal and reproductive tracts from pelvis to perineum

38
Q

The perineum is divided into…

A

Superficial and deep pouches

39
Q

What is the urogenital triangle?

A

The anterior half of the perineum, bounded by the pubic symphysis and ischial spines

40
Q

What is the anal triangle?

A

The posterior half of the perineum, bounded by the ischial spines and coccyx

41
Q

The levator ani muscle is made up of…

A

A number of smaller muscles

42
Q

The levator ani is a skeletal/smooth muscle for involuntary/voluntary control

A

Skeletal muscle

Voluntary control

43
Q

Which muscle forms the majority of the pelvic diaphragm?

A

Levator ani

44
Q

What is the function of the levator ani muscle?

A

Continual support for pelvic organs

Undergoes tonic contractions

45
Q

In what situation does the levator ani muscle contract more?

A

Increased intrabdominal pressure

46
Q

Weakness of the levator ani is a factor in development of what pathological condition?

A

Prolapse of pelvic organs

47
Q

What is the nerve supply to the levator ani muscle?

A

Nerve to levator ani

Pudenal nerve

48
Q

State the nerve roots of the pudenal nerve

A

S3,4,5

49
Q

Superficial and deep perineal muscles are supplied by…

A

Pudenal nerve

50
Q

What is the perineal body? What is it’s function?

A

Bundle of collagenous and elastic tissue where perineal muscles attach, located just deep to the skin
Pelvic floor strength

51
Q

Where is Bartholin’s gland or the greater vestibular gland located? What pathology can arise here?

A

Right and left gland around external urethral orifice

Become enlarged due to infection (forms abscess)

52
Q

What anatomical surface feature is located anterior to pubic bones?

A

Mons pubis

53
Q

List, from superior to inferior, the external surface openings for the female reproductive tract

A

External urethral orifice
Vaginal orifice
Anus

54
Q

State the two components of the labia of the vulva

A

Labum majus

Labum minus

55
Q

What is the vulval vestibule?

A

Part of the vulva between the labia minora containing the external urethral orifice and vaginal orifice

56
Q

What are the surface borders of the female breast?

A

Ribs 2-6
Lateral border of sternum
Mid-axillary line

57
Q

What is the axillary tail of Spence?

A

Extension of the tissue of the breast that extends into the axilla and drains lymph nodes

58
Q

The female breast lies on deep fascia covering which two muscles?

A

Pectoralis major

Serratus anterior

59
Q

What is the clinical term for the loose areolar tissue that separates the breast from the fascia?

A

Retromammary space

60
Q

The female breast attach to skin via…

A

Suspensory ligaments

61
Q

What is the function of the lactiferous ducts?

A

Connect the nipple to the lobules of the mammary gland

62
Q

State the two types of lobules present within the mammary gland

A 
Non-lactating lobules
Lactating lobules (only in pregnant women)
63
Q

What female harmone is involved with the production ejaculation of breast milk respectively?

A

Prolactin

Oxytocin

64
Q

What is the areola?

A

Area of coloured skin at base of nipple

65
Q

State the divisions of the breast used to describe a position of a lump

A 
Upper outer  (9-12 o'clock)
Upper inner (12-3 o'clock)
Lower outer (6-9 o'clock)
Lower inner (3-6 o'clock)
66
Q

Outline the drainage of the majority of lymph from the breast

A

Ipsilateral axillary nodes –> Supraclavicular nodes

67
Q

Which divisions of the breast can drain into both ipsilateral or contralateral axillary nodes? Why?

A

Inner breast quadrants

Can also drain into parasternal nodes

68
Q

Which divisions of the breast can drain into abdominal lymph nodes?

A

Lower inner breast quadrant

69
Q

Lymph from the upper limb also drains to axillary lymph nodes. What is the clinical significance of this?

A

Axillary clearance in treatment of breast cancers can cause LYMPHOEDEMA

70
Q

List important structures contained within the axillary fat

A

Brachial plexus
Axillary artery and vein
Axillary lymph nodes

71
Q

Axillary node levels are used by surgeons in clearance of lymph nodes. These are related to which muscle?

A

Pectoralis minor

72
Q

State the boundaries of level 1 axillary node clearance

A

Inferior and lateral to pectoralis minor

BELOW PEC MINOR

73
Q

State the boundaries of level 2 axillary node clearance

A

Deep to pectoralis minor

BENEATH PEC MINOR

74
Q

State the boundaries of level 3 axillary node clearance

A

Superior and medial to pectoralis minor

ABOVE PEC MINOR

75
Q

Outline the blood supply to the different aspects of the female breast

A

Subclavian artery
–> Internal thoracic (internal mammary): PARASTERNAL
–> Axillary artery: LATERAL
Intercostal arteries: DEEP

76
Q

Outline the venous drainage from the female breast

A

Internal thoracic (internal mammary) vein
Axillary vein
–> Subclavian vein
Intercostal veins

Y3 Obs and Gynae Anatomy (7 decks)

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