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Microanatomy > Female Reproductive System > Flashcards

Female Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Female reproductive system

A 
Ovaries
Oviducts
Uterus
Cervix
Vagina
External genitalia
Associated glands
Mammary gland
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2
Q

Major functions

A

Production of the female gametes (ova -> oogenesis)

Endocrine function –> production of sex hormones (mainly estrogens and progesterone)

Reception of male gametes (spermatozoa) and provision of a suitable environment for fertilization

Provision of a suitable environment for fetal development (uterus)

Nutrition of the newborn

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3
Q

Ovaries: functions

A

Produce the female gametes

Produce sex hormones

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4
Q

Ovaries

A

Cortex –> broad peripheral zone containing follicles in various stages of development

Medulla –> contains connective tissue, nerves, blood and lymph vessels

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5
Q

Species differences

A

In mares, the cortex and medulla are reversed and cortical tissue is focused around the ovulation fossa

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6
Q

Ovary- cortex

A

The surface (epithelial layer) is lined by a low cuboidal epithelium

Tunica albuginea: connective/fibrous tissue (stains blue in picture)

Under tunica albuginea –> numerous follicles that contain oocytes in different stages of development

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7
Q

Follicular atresia

A

Majority of follicles do not ovulate–> degenerate

Oocyte, zona pellucida and follicular cells degenerate and are resorbed

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8
Q

Follicular development

A

Folliculogenesis –> upon sexual maturity, one or more primordial follicles (present at birth) undergo maturation during each reproductive cycle

Follicular growth and maturation is dependent on follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) from the adenohypophysis (pituitary gland)

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9
Q

Ovarian follicles

A

Ovarian follicle –> structure containing an oocyte surrounded by specialized epithelial cells -the size, content and wrapping of the follicle vary depending on the stage of development

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10
Q

Primordial follicles

A

Primary oocyte in primary follicle enclosed by flattened, simple squamous follicular cells
Retained in resting stage since formation in the fetal ovary

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11
Q

Primary follicles

A

A primary oocyte enclosed by a simple cuboidal layer of follicular cells
Starts forming after puberty (FSH, LH)

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12
Q

Secondary Follicles

A

Oocyte enclosed by several layers
Oocyte completes meiosis I –> secondary oocyte (most species)
Follicular cells proliferate through mitosis and are called granulosa cells
Zona pellucida
Theca interna
Granulosa cells

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13
Q

Zona pellucida

A

Thick glycoprotein layer located at the interface between the oocyte and the granulosa cells

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14
Q

Theca interna cells

A

Large, pale staining, spindle-shaped cells that are steroid producing/metabolizing cells

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15
Q

Granulosa cells

A

acquire receptors for follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), important in the development of the follicle

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16
Q

Tertiary follicles

A

Follicle becomes larger, small liquid filled areas appear between the granulosa cells (antrum)

The antrum enlarges, the oocyte is surrounded by a layer of follicular cells (corona radiata) and sits on an aggregate of granulosa cells (cumulus oophorus)

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17
Q

Mature (graffian) follicle

A

Secondary oocyte detaches from the cumulus oophorus and floats free in the follicular fluid; now ready to ovulate
Follicular cells acquire leutinizing hormone receptors (LH) necessary for the development of the corpus luteum

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18
Q

Corpus luteum

A

Ovulation -> blood into antrum -> corpus hemorrhagicum

Capillaries from storm invade and convert it into a temporary endocrine organ called the corpus luteum
CL is vital to maintaining pregnancy- secretes progesterone

Luteinization is the process by which the granulosa and theca cells transform into luteal (lutein) cells (hypertrophy and hyperplasia)

In response to follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), lutein cells produce progesterone and estrogens

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19
Q

Corpus albicans

A

Involution of the corpus luteum results in a fibrous scare called corpus albicans

20
Q

The tunica albuginea of the ovary is

A

in the outer cortex below the surface epithelium

21
Q

The transition from primordial follicle to primary follicle

A

starts at puberty

22
Q

Oviduct

A

Muscular tube from ovary to uterus
3 sections: infundibulum with fimbriae
Ampulla
Isthmus

23
Q

Oviduct functions

A
  1. receive the ovum. Ovum is picked up by fimbriae
    - ovum is picked up by fimbriae of the infundibulum and directed into oviduct lumen
  2. Provide favorable environment for fertilization (ampulla)
    - epithelial secretions promote capacitation of sperm
  3. Transport zygote to uterus for implantation
    - cilia assist transport
24
Q

Oviduct parts

A

Tunica muscular - inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle layers
Serosa contains blood vessels and nerves
Broad ligament

25
Q

Oviduct Mucosa

A

Epithelium is columnar with motile cilia on most cells

Non-ciliated cells -> have secretory granules in the cytoplasm; secretion provides nutrient to the ovum

26
Q

The corpus luteum…

A

forms in the ovary under the influence of FSH

27
Q

Uterus Functions

A
  1. Sterile and inert environment for development of conceptus
  2. Nutrient/oxygen/waste exchange via placenta
  3. Muscles of uterus contribute to birth of offspring
28
Q

Endometrium

A

Columnar epithelium with tubular glands

Glandular mucosa divided into 2 zones

  1. Functional zone -superficial layer that degenerates after pregnancy or estrus (hormonally dependent)
  2. Basal zone -layer that remains after pregnancy or estrus
29
Q

Myometrium

A

Smooth muscle

  • inner circle
  • outer longitudinal
30
Q

Cervix

A

Thick-walled, muscular structure
Endocervix- faces uterus
Ectocervix-faces vagina

31
Q

Cervix functions

A

Provides a seal that prevents organisms and substances entering from the cranial vagina

Functions as a gatekeeper by holding the products of conception within the uterus until parturition

32
Q

Endocervix

A

Epithelium -> simple columnar with mucus secreting cells
Mucosa may have prominent primary, secondary, and tertiary folds
Muscularis ->inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle layers (continuous with uterus and vagina)
Serosa

33
Q

Ectocervix

A

Lined by stratified squamous epithelium

34
Q

Vagina

A

Fibro muscular tube with three layers: mucosa, muscular and serosa (cranial)/adventitia (caudal)

35
Q

Vagina Mucosa

A 
Numerous folds (rugae) separated by channels of variable depth
Mostly stratified squamous epithelium and mucus producing cells
36
Q

Vagina muscularis

A

Smooth muscles are arranged circularly (inner) and longitudinally (out)

37
Q

Cyclical changes in vaginal epithelium

A

Height of epithelium and degree of keratinization vary with hormonal fluctuations during the estrus cycle
Changes monitored by examining stained vaginal smears

38
Q

Foetal membranes

A

Zygote–> embryo and foetal membranes

Foetal membrane = yolk sac, amnion, chorion, allantois

39
Q

Foetal membranes functions

A 
Viviparous animals- form the placenta
Supply and storage of nutrients
Respiratory exchange
Excretion
Mechanical protection
Transfer of ImG/passive immunity 
In mammals, also hormone production
40
Q

Placenta

A

Chorion, allantois, amnion

41
Q

Chorion

A

Layer that contacts the mother, in most species fused with allantois
(chorioallantois/allantochorion)

42
Q

Allantois

A

Contains fetal urine and other fluids arising from the membrane itself

43
Q

Amnion

A

Smooth translucent membrane that surrounds the fetus and holds amniotic fluid

44
Q

Placental Barrier Types

A

Epitheliochorial: horse, pig, ruminant

Endotheliochorial: carnivore

Hemochorial: human

45
Q

Placental types

A

Diffuse: horse, pig
Cotyledonary: Ruminant
Zonary: carnivore
Discoid: human

Microanatomy (21 decks)

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