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Microanatomy > Blood and Hematopoiesis > Flashcards

Blood and Hematopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

Whole Blood

A

Specialized connective tissue that contains a fluid extracellular matrix (plasma)

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2
Q

Whole Blood Functions

A

Transport of water, solutes, and formed elements (cells)
Temperature regulation
Water balance (blood volume)

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3
Q

Whole Blood Composition

A

5-10% of total body weight
60% plasma (water, solutes)
40% formed elements (RBCs, WBCs, PLTs)

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4
Q

Plasma Composition

A

90% water
8% proteins
2% other solutes

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5
Q

Plasma- Why care?

A

Proteins and solutes can be measured

Variations in their concentrations reflect different disease processes

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6
Q

Plasma

A

Fluid component which suspends cells in circulation

Found in the vasculature

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7
Q

Anticoagulant blood tubes

A

Blood does not clot!
Purple top: EDTA
Green: Heparin
Blue: Citrate

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8
Q

Serum

A

Similar to plasma, but not found in living animals
Fluid component of a blood sample left to coagulate- it is what is left
Lacks coagulation proteins: Fibrinogen

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9
Q

Serum Separator Tubes

A

Blood is allowed to clot
Red top: No additive
Marble Top: Gel separator

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10
Q

Formed Elements

A

Erythrocytes (RBCs)- months
Leukocytes (WBCs)- hours-days
Platelets (PLTs)- week

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11
Q

Romanowsky Stain

A

Broad category of stains, variation on shades of red, blue, and purple
Examples: Wright’s, Wright’s Giemsa, May-Grimwald
Able to distinguish between blood cells

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12
Q

Wright’s Stain

A

2 dyes used
Eosin (red)
New Methylene Blue (Blue)

Quick-dip/ Diff-Quik: fixative and two stains

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13
Q

Eosin

A

Stains red/orange
Acidic/negatively charged dye
Attracted to basic/positively charged proteins (acidophilic)

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14
Q

New Methylene Blue

A

Stains Blue
Basic/Positively charged dye
Attracted to acidic/negatively charged proteins, DNA, and RNA (basophilic)

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15
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Most numerous formed element in blood

Measured in the millions

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16
Q

Erythrocytes: Function

A

Carry O2 to tissue and CO2 to lungs

Involved in acid-base homeostasis

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17
Q

Erythrocytes: Shape

A 
Biconcave disc
Flexible membrane
High surface to volume ratio
All this allows RBCs to pass through small capillaries
Facilitates transport of O2 and CO2
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18
Q

Erythrocytes: Size

A 
Average size measured in femtoliters
Varies by species:
Dog: 70 fL
Cat: 60 fL
Human: 90 fL
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19
Q

Canine Erythrocytes

A

size: ~70 fL
Shape: Biconcave discs with central pallor
Lifespan: 110 days

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20
Q

Polychromatophils

A 
Immature RBCs
Low numbers normal in dogs
Size: Larger than a mature RBC
Shape: Round to amorphous
Color: amphophilic (lavender to purple)
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21
Q

Bloodsmear

A

Drop of blood and smear on slide. Then stain

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22
Q

Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians, Fish Blood

A

Nucleated RBCs, WBCs, and thrombocytes

Oval Shaped

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23
Q

Leukocytes

A

Least numerous formed element in blood
Measured in thousands
Reported as WBC or TNCC

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24
Q

Leukocytes: Function

A 
Inflammation and the immune response
Traditionally reported in hematology in a specific order from most to least numerous:
Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils
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25
Q

Neutrophils

A

Most numerous of the WBCs

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26
Q

Neutrophils: Function

A

Innate Immunity
Phagocytic and killing cells
Granules contain antibacterial substances

27
Q

Heterophils

A

Species variation of Neutrophils.
Rabbits, Guinea pigs, reptiles, amphibians
Size: 12 um diameter
Nucleus: segmented with dense violet chromatin
Cytoplasm: red, rice-shaped granules

28
Q

Neutrophils: morphology

A

Size: 12 um diameter
Nucleus: Segmented with dense violet chromatin
Cytoplasm: pale-staining, “neutral”

29
Q

Band Neutrophils

A

Rare in healthy dogs and cats
Immature neutrophil
Nucleus lacks segmentation

30
Q

Lymphocytes

A

2nd most numerous cell population in blood
20-40% of WBCs
Found in blood, lymphatic circulation, lymphatic tissue

31
Q

Lymphocytes: Function

A

Major players in the adaptive immune response
Humoral immunity: B-cells, Plasma cells
Cell mediated immunity: T-cells

32
Q

Lymphocytes: Morphology

A

Many subpopulations are seen on blood smears: small lymphocytes, large granular lymphocytes, reactive lymphocytes

Size: usually smaller than a neutrophil
High nucleus to cytoplasm ratio- only trace amounts of cytoplasm present
Nucleus: round to indented, dense/clumped chromatin
Cytoplasm: scant, blue

33
Q

Monocytes

A

Less numerous than neutrophils and lymphocytes in blood

Monocytes differentiate into macrophages in tissue

34
Q

Mononuclear Phagocytic System

A

Comprised of monocytes and tissue macrophages

Macrophages are widely distributed throughout the body: spleen, liver, lungs, brain, bone, etc.

35
Q

Monocytes: function

A

Phagocytosis
Antigen presentation to T-lymphocytes
Iron storage and recycling

36
Q

Monocytes: Morphology

A

Size: typically they are large cells, usually the largest cells on blood films
Nucleus: shape ranges from round to kidney-shaped to band-shaped to pseudo-segmented; chromatin is lacy/loosely-clumped and magenta. Nucleus can really be whatever
Cytoplasm: Abundance and blue, frequently vacuolated. Foamy look

37
Q

Eosinophils

A

Present in low numbers in blood
about 300 eosinophils in tissue for each eosinophil in blood
See an increase in numbers when parasitic infection or hypersensitivity reaction

38
Q

Eosinophils: function

A

Modulate delayed and immediate type hypersensitivity reactions
Attracted by histamine
Frequently present in hypersensitivity reactions (allergies), commonly associated with mast cells
Defense against helminthic parasites

39
Q

Eosinophils: Morphology

A

Size: large cells, larger than a neutrophil
Nucleus: segmented with clumped chromatin
Cytoplasm: usually stains pale, contains eosinophilic granules. Bright reddish-orange, sometimes retractile/shiny. Contain many arginine-rich proteins- anti bacterial and anti parasitic
Granule shape can indicate species

40
Q

Basophils

A

Least numerous WBC in blood

Rare to find in healthy animals

41
Q

Basophils: function

A

Increased concentration often associated with parasitic infestations and allergic reactions
Usually seen with eosinophils
Also seen in hypersensitivity reactions

42
Q

Basophils: morphology

A

Generally slightly larger than a neutrophil
Basophilic granules: contain histamine and many other proteins
Size: large cells, larger than neutrophils
Nucleus: Elongated and ribbon-like, segmented
Cytoplasm Abundant amphophilic (lilac) cytoplasm with purple granules

43
Q

Platelets/ Thrombocytes

A

Second most numerous formed element in blood
Measured in the thousands
200,000-800,000 cells/uL: varies by species

44
Q

Platelets: Function

A 
Primary hemostasis (clotting)
Role in the primary inflammatory response
45
Q

Platelets: morphology

A

Small discoid cytoplasmic fragments
Size: 2-4um diameter (varies by species)
Nucleus: anucleate (no nucleus)
Granules: Red-purple in most species

46
Q

Avian, Reptile, amphibian, fish thrombocytes

A

Platelets are nucleated

Can be challenging to differentiate from lymphocytes

47
Q

Bone Marrow

A

Mesenchymal Derived Tissue
2 types: Red Marrow and Yellow Marrow
Highly cellular tissue
Complex microenvironment supports growth of hematopoietic cells

48
Q

Bone Marrow: Red

A

Produces all blood cells (hematopoietic tissue)

Stored Iron

49
Q

Bone Marrow: Yellow

A

Fatty tissue that replaces red marrow

Aging change

50
Q

Bone Marrow Components

A

Sinusoids
Stromal Cells
Cells
Macrophages

51
Q

Bone Marrow: Sinusoids

A

Large lumen

Formed by discontinuous endothelial cells

52
Q

Bone Marrow: Stromal Cells

A

Support structure of the bone marrow
Composed of: mesenchymal cells, reticular cells, reticular fibers
Cells occupy the space between stem cells and precursor cells

53
Q

Bone Marrow: Cells

A

Hematopoietic stem cells

Stem cells of each lineage

54
Q

Bone Marrow: Macrophages

A

Store iron
Involved in moderating hematopoiesis
Regulate bone formation

55
Q

Bone Marrow Core Biopsy

A

Boney Trabeculae
Hematopoietic cells and adipocytes
Bone marrow cellularity varies with age

56
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

Process where specialized cellular precursors develop into highly differentiated cells of peripheral blood

57
Q

Sites of Hematopoiesis

A

Post natal
Bone Marrow: Proximal end of the femur and humerus; pelvis; sternum; ribs; vertebrae; scapulae; skull
Liver
Spleen

Prenatal
Yolk sac
Liver
Spleen
Lymph nodes
Thymus
Bone Marrow
58
Q

Erythropoiesis

A 
Erythroid maturation
From myeloid stem cell
In bone marrow:
1. Rubriblast
2. Prorubricyte
3. Rubricytes
Seen in circulation:
4. Metarubricytes (nucleated and very condensed)
5. Polychromatophilic RBC (blue/purple cytoplasm)
6. Mature RBC

In situations like anemia or a bleed where RBCs are depleted, might see more immature cells circulating. The bone marrow is releasing prematurely in hopes of improving circulation

59
Q

Granulopoiesis

A

Formation of granulocytes
Occurs in the bone marrow
From myeloid stem cell
Regulated by colony stimulating factors (CSF) and inflammatory cytokines
Includes Eosinophils, Basophils, and Neutrophils (BEN)
Cell division (mitosis) only occurs up until the level of myelocyte (3)
Metamyelocyte (4) is only maturation and no cell division

60
Q

Granulopoiesis: Neutrophilic granulocyte

A
  1. Myeloblast
  2. Promyelocyte
  3. Myelocyte
    In circulation
  4. Metamyelocyte
  5. Band Neutrophil (nucleus has not segmented yet)
  6. Segmented Neutrophil (mature)
61
Q

Monopoiesis

A 
Maturation of monocytes 
Occurs in the Bone Marrow
From myeloid stem cell
Monoblast
Promonocyte
Monocyte
62
Q

Thrombopoiesis

A

Megakaryocytic maturation
From myeloid stem cell
Leads to PLTs
1. Megakaryoblast (single nucleus- large cell in bone marrow
2. Promegakaryocyte ( nucleus undergoes division- but never fully divides)
3. Megakaryocyte (has extensions- extend to sinusoids in in bone marrow- fragments break off and end up as PLTs
4. PLTs

63
Q

Lymphopoiesis

A

B lymphocytes mature in the bone marrow (bursa of Fabricius in birds)
T lymphocytes mature in the Thymus
B cells can further differentiate into plasma cells

64
Q

Plasma Cells

A

Nucleus Eccentrically placed off to one side
Blue cytoplasm
White area next to nucleus- perinuclear clear zone (corresponds with golgi)
Formation/production of antibodies

Microanatomy (21 decks)

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