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Microanatomy > Blood and Hematopoiesis > Flashcards

Blood and Hematopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

Whole Blood

A

Specialized connective tissue that contains a fluid extracellular matrix (plasma)

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2
Q

Whole Blood Functions

A

Transport of water, solutes, and formed elements (cells)
Temperature regulation
Water balance (blood volume)

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3
Q

Whole Blood Composition

A

5-10% of total body weight
60% plasma (water, solutes)
40% formed elements (RBCs, WBCs, PLTs)

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4
Q

Plasma Composition

A

90% water
8% proteins
2% other solutes

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5
Q

Plasma- Why care?

A

Proteins and solutes can be measured

Variations in their concentrations reflect different disease processes

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6
Q

Plasma

A

Fluid component which suspends cells in circulation

Found in the vasculature

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7
Q

Anticoagulant blood tubes

A

Blood does not clot!
Purple top: EDTA
Green: Heparin
Blue: Citrate

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8
Q

Serum

A

Similar to plasma, but not found in living animals
Fluid component of a blood sample left to coagulate- it is what is left
Lacks coagulation proteins: Fibrinogen

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9
Q

Serum Separator Tubes

A

Blood is allowed to clot
Red top: No additive
Marble Top: Gel separator

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10
Q

Formed Elements

A

Erythrocytes (RBCs)- months
Leukocytes (WBCs)- hours-days
Platelets (PLTs)- week

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11
Q

Romanowsky Stain

A

Broad category of stains, variation on shades of red, blue, and purple
Examples: Wright’s, Wright’s Giemsa, May-Grimwald
Able to distinguish between blood cells

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12
Q

Wright’s Stain

A

2 dyes used
Eosin (red)
New Methylene Blue (Blue)

Quick-dip/ Diff-Quik: fixative and two stains

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13
Q

Eosin

A

Stains red/orange
Acidic/negatively charged dye
Attracted to basic/positively charged proteins (acidophilic)

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14
Q

New Methylene Blue

A

Stains Blue
Basic/Positively charged dye
Attracted to acidic/negatively charged proteins, DNA, and RNA (basophilic)

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15
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Most numerous formed element in blood

Measured in the millions

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16
Q

Erythrocytes: Function

A

Carry O2 to tissue and CO2 to lungs

Involved in acid-base homeostasis

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17
Q

Erythrocytes: Shape

A 
Biconcave disc
Flexible membrane
High surface to volume ratio
All this allows RBCs to pass through small capillaries
Facilitates transport of O2 and CO2
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18
Q

Erythrocytes: Size

A 
Average size measured in femtoliters
Varies by species:
Dog: 70 fL
Cat: 60 fL
Human: 90 fL
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19
Q

Canine Erythrocytes

A

size: ~70 fL
Shape: Biconcave discs with central pallor
Lifespan: 110 days

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20
Q

Polychromatophils

A 
Immature RBCs
Low numbers normal in dogs
Size: Larger than a mature RBC
Shape: Round to amorphous
Color: amphophilic (lavender to purple)
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21
Q

Bloodsmear

A

Drop of blood and smear on slide. Then stain

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22
Q

Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians, Fish Blood

A

Nucleated RBCs, WBCs, and thrombocytes

Oval Shaped

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23
Q

Leukocytes

A

Least numerous formed element in blood
Measured in thousands
Reported as WBC or TNCC

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24
Q

Leukocytes: Function

A 
Inflammation and the immune response
Traditionally reported in hematology in a specific order from most to least numerous:
Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils
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25
Neutrophils
Most numerous of the WBCs
26
Neutrophils: Function
Innate Immunity Phagocytic and killing cells Granules contain antibacterial substances
27
Heterophils
Species variation of Neutrophils. Rabbits, Guinea pigs, reptiles, amphibians Size: 12 um diameter Nucleus: segmented with dense violet chromatin Cytoplasm: red, rice-shaped granules
28
Neutrophils: morphology
Size: 12 um diameter Nucleus: Segmented with dense violet chromatin Cytoplasm: pale-staining, "neutral"
29
Band Neutrophils
Rare in healthy dogs and cats Immature neutrophil Nucleus lacks segmentation
30
Lymphocytes
2nd most numerous cell population in blood 20-40% of WBCs Found in blood, lymphatic circulation, lymphatic tissue
31
Lymphocytes: Function
Major players in the adaptive immune response Humoral immunity: B-cells, Plasma cells Cell mediated immunity: T-cells
32
Lymphocytes: Morphology
Many subpopulations are seen on blood smears: small lymphocytes, large granular lymphocytes, reactive lymphocytes Size: usually smaller than a neutrophil High nucleus to cytoplasm ratio- only trace amounts of cytoplasm present Nucleus: round to indented, dense/clumped chromatin Cytoplasm: scant, blue
33
Monocytes
Less numerous than neutrophils and lymphocytes in blood | Monocytes differentiate into macrophages in tissue
34
Mononuclear Phagocytic System
Comprised of monocytes and tissue macrophages | Macrophages are widely distributed throughout the body: spleen, liver, lungs, brain, bone, etc.
35
Monocytes: function
Phagocytosis Antigen presentation to T-lymphocytes Iron storage and recycling
36
Monocytes: Morphology
Size: typically they are large cells, usually the largest cells on blood films Nucleus: shape ranges from round to kidney-shaped to band-shaped to pseudo-segmented; chromatin is lacy/loosely-clumped and magenta. Nucleus can really be whatever Cytoplasm: Abundance and blue, frequently vacuolated. Foamy look
37
Eosinophils
Present in low numbers in blood about 300 eosinophils in tissue for each eosinophil in blood See an increase in numbers when parasitic infection or hypersensitivity reaction
38
Eosinophils: function
Modulate delayed and immediate type hypersensitivity reactions Attracted by histamine Frequently present in hypersensitivity reactions (allergies), commonly associated with mast cells Defense against helminthic parasites
39
Eosinophils: Morphology
Size: large cells, larger than a neutrophil Nucleus: segmented with clumped chromatin Cytoplasm: usually stains pale, contains eosinophilic granules. Bright reddish-orange, sometimes retractile/shiny. Contain many arginine-rich proteins- anti bacterial and anti parasitic Granule shape can indicate species
40
Basophils
Least numerous WBC in blood | Rare to find in healthy animals
41
Basophils: function
Increased concentration often associated with parasitic infestations and allergic reactions Usually seen with eosinophils Also seen in hypersensitivity reactions
42
Basophils: morphology
Generally slightly larger than a neutrophil Basophilic granules: contain histamine and many other proteins Size: large cells, larger than neutrophils Nucleus: Elongated and ribbon-like, segmented Cytoplasm Abundant amphophilic (lilac) cytoplasm with purple granules
43
Platelets/ Thrombocytes
Second most numerous formed element in blood Measured in the thousands 200,000-800,000 cells/uL: varies by species
44
Platelets: Function
``` Primary hemostasis (clotting) Role in the primary inflammatory response ```
45
Platelets: morphology
Small discoid cytoplasmic fragments Size: 2-4um diameter (varies by species) Nucleus: anucleate (no nucleus) Granules: Red-purple in most species
46
Avian, Reptile, amphibian, fish thrombocytes
Platelets are nucleated | Can be challenging to differentiate from lymphocytes
47
Bone Marrow
Mesenchymal Derived Tissue 2 types: Red Marrow and Yellow Marrow Highly cellular tissue Complex microenvironment supports growth of hematopoietic cells
48
Bone Marrow: Red
Produces all blood cells (hematopoietic tissue) | Stored Iron
49
Bone Marrow: Yellow
Fatty tissue that replaces red marrow | Aging change
50
Bone Marrow Components
Sinusoids Stromal Cells Cells Macrophages
51
Bone Marrow: Sinusoids
Large lumen | Formed by discontinuous endothelial cells
52
Bone Marrow: Stromal Cells
Support structure of the bone marrow Composed of: mesenchymal cells, reticular cells, reticular fibers Cells occupy the space between stem cells and precursor cells
53
Bone Marrow: Cells
Hematopoietic stem cells | Stem cells of each lineage
54
Bone Marrow: Macrophages
Store iron Involved in moderating hematopoiesis Regulate bone formation
55
Bone Marrow Core Biopsy
Boney Trabeculae Hematopoietic cells and adipocytes Bone marrow cellularity varies with age
56
Hematopoiesis
Process where specialized cellular precursors develop into highly differentiated cells of peripheral blood
57
Sites of Hematopoiesis
Post natal Bone Marrow: Proximal end of the femur and humerus; pelvis; sternum; ribs; vertebrae; scapulae; skull Liver Spleen ``` Prenatal Yolk sac Liver Spleen Lymph nodes Thymus Bone Marrow ```
58
Erythropoiesis
``` Erythroid maturation From myeloid stem cell In bone marrow: 1. Rubriblast 2. Prorubricyte 3. Rubricytes Seen in circulation: 4. Metarubricytes (nucleated and very condensed) 5. Polychromatophilic RBC (blue/purple cytoplasm) 6. Mature RBC ``` In situations like anemia or a bleed where RBCs are depleted, might see more immature cells circulating. The bone marrow is releasing prematurely in hopes of improving circulation
59
Granulopoiesis
Formation of granulocytes Occurs in the bone marrow From myeloid stem cell Regulated by colony stimulating factors (CSF) and inflammatory cytokines Includes Eosinophils, Basophils, and Neutrophils (BEN) Cell division (mitosis) only occurs up until the level of myelocyte (3) Metamyelocyte (4) is only maturation and no cell division
60
Granulopoiesis: Neutrophilic granulocyte
1. Myeloblast 2. Promyelocyte 3. Myelocyte In circulation 4. Metamyelocyte 5. Band Neutrophil (nucleus has not segmented yet) 6. Segmented Neutrophil (mature)
61
Monopoiesis
``` Maturation of monocytes Occurs in the Bone Marrow From myeloid stem cell Monoblast Promonocyte Monocyte ```
62
Thrombopoiesis
Megakaryocytic maturation From myeloid stem cell Leads to PLTs 1. Megakaryoblast (single nucleus- large cell in bone marrow 2. Promegakaryocyte ( nucleus undergoes division- but never fully divides) 3. Megakaryocyte (has extensions- extend to sinusoids in in bone marrow- fragments break off and end up as PLTs 4. PLTs
63
Lymphopoiesis
B lymphocytes mature in the bone marrow (bursa of Fabricius in birds) T lymphocytes mature in the Thymus B cells can further differentiate into plasma cells
64
Plasma Cells
Nucleus Eccentrically placed off to one side Blue cytoplasm White area next to nucleus- perinuclear clear zone (corresponds with golgi) Formation/production of antibodies

Microanatomy (21 decks)

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