Female Reproductive System Flashcards
Describe a gamete
A gamete is a germ cell, ie sperm or a 2nd oocyte. A gamete has 23 chromosomes and genetic material from its parents. A gamete is a haploid.
How many chromosomes does a fertilised ova contain?
A diploid contains 46 chromosomes, 23 from each gamete.
Why is the ova considered a somatic cell after fertilisation?
As it now has two sets of 23 chromosomes, 46 total (and thus the ova becomes a diploid cell once it the gametes have joined / fertilised).
What are the two types of cell division and replication?
mitosis and meiosis
What is mitosis?
Mitosis is when the parent cell duplicates and then divides so that each of its daughter cells are exact copies of the parent cell, i.e. the somatic cell doubles its contents and then splits into two identical cells.
What is meiosis?
Meiosis is when the stem cell halves its genetic material and then splits into two bodies, so that each gamete contains half the geneitc material of the original stem cell.
Meiosis only occurs in the gametes, when a stem cell (of 46 chromosomes) divides into two cells (each containing 23 chromosomes). These gametes can then later unite with another gamete for fertilisation.
Where does meiosis take place?
Meiosis takes place in the sperm and in the ovaries.
What are somatic cells?
Somatic cells are diploid cells (6 chromosomes).
What is produced by meiosis?
Haploid cells (gametes) are produced by meiosis (reproduction).
What chromosomes does a male have?
A male has 22 autosomes and a pair of sex chromosome - X & Y.
What chromosomes does a female have?
A female has 22 autosomes and a pair of sex chromosome - X & X.
How large is the female gonad, where are they found and what are they called?
Ovaries are the size of an almond, and found in the upper pelvic region,
What does the broad ligament do?
The broad ligament suspends the uterus from the lateral pelvic wall (sides of pelvis). The broad ligament is part of the parietal peritoneum.
What does the ovarian ligament do?
The ovarian ligament anchors the ovary to the uterus.
What is the mesovarium?
The mesovarium is part of the peritoneum and attaches the ovaries to the broad ligament.
What is the suspensory ligament?
The suspensory ligament covers blood vessels to the ovaries and attaches it to the lateral pelvic wall.
Ovulation is induced only when there is a peak in secretion of which hormone?
a) FSH b) progesterone c) estrogen d) LH
Ovulation is induced only when there is a peak in secretion of the hormone, LH.
During ovulation, ___________ is expelled from the ovary
During ovulation, secondary oocyte is released from the ovary during ovulation.
What is the female germ cell called?
Oogonia are the female germ cells.
What is the ovarian follicle?
Ovarian follicle refers to the oocytes surrounded by cells.
Do primary oocytes ever leave the ovary?
Primary oocytes never leave the ovary.
What is OOGENESIS?
Oogenesis is the formation of gametes in ovaries. This is now the second oocyte (and ova/egg) is developed. Oogenesis starts pre birth, during foetal development oogonia (2n stem cells) divide through mitosis to create millions of germ cells. Most germs cells die (artresia) but a few (larger cells) survive and become the primary oocyte (2n).
What are the stages of follicular development in the ovaries?
Primodial, primary, secondary, graffian, ovulation - all states of follicular development.
Ovulation is induced only when there is a peak in secretion of which hormone?
LH secreted by the anterior pituitary is responsible for ovulation. FSH is needed for the growth and development of the follicles.
How big is the uterus?
7.5cm long, 5cm wide, 2.5c, thick
What are the parts of the uterus
Fundus, body, isthmus & cervix
Function of uterus
Pathway of sperm to uterine tubee, site for fertilised ovum to be implanted & for foetal development. Uterus sheds a layer if no fertilisation occurs (stroma of connective tissue in the endometrium, stratum functionalis).
Histology of uterus
perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium
Mammory Glands are a modified sweat gland that produces milk. The process of milk production is…
Milk starts in the areoli (secreting glands) > secondary tubules > mammory glands > near the nipple the mammory glands expand to form sinuses > sinuses drain milk into the lactiferous ducts > carries milk from lobes to the exterior.
What is the absence of menstruation called? (pregnancy, menopause, other)?
Amenorrhea
What is the name of pain associated with menstruation (period pain)?
Dysmenorrhea
The external genitalia of the female is the ________
pudendum
The mammary glands eject milk under the influence of Choose one answer. B) prolactin A) oxytocin C) estrogen D) progesterone
oxytocin
The diamond shaped area that lies between the thighs and buttock is the
perineum
What are the basic functions of the vagina?
The vagina serves as a passage during childbirth and menstruation. It also receives the penis during intercourse. It does not however activate sperm. The cervical mucus is responsible for activating the sperm
The mammary glands are characterised by:
Mammary glands
- are modified sweat glands that produce milk
- have many lactiferous ducts opens onto the surface of each nipple
- each gland has a number of lobes, with several lobules in each lobe
