Female Reproductive system

Question 1

A female gamete is called an?

Answer 1

oocytes

Question 2

The outermost protective layer of the ovary is a simple cuboidal epithelial lining. Under it is a layer of dense CT- called the ??

Answer 2

Tunica Albuginea

Question 3

The surface simple cuboidal epithelium of the ovary is also called as ??

Answer 3

Germinal Epithelium

Question 4

The oocytes cells originate from the ??

Answer 4

epiblast

Question 5

highly cellular connective tissue (stroma) that contains ovarian follicles in the ovary is the?

Answer 5

Cortex

Question 6

Loose connective tissue with blood vessels in the ovary is?

Answer 6

Medulla

Question 7

What are the 4 types of follicles in the ovarian cortex?

Answer 7

Primordial
Primary
Secondary
Graafian

Question 8

-Contains one spherical oocyte, ~25 μm in diameter
-Oocyte has a large nucleus containing chromosomes in the prophase I
-Surrounded by a layer of flat granulosa/ follicular cells

What is this?

Answer 8

Primordial Follicle

Question 9

-Can be unilaminar or multilaminar
-Surrounded by a layer of cuboidal granulosa/ follicular cells
-Basement membrane/ basal lamina is present
-Zona pellucida begins to form

What is this?

Answer 9

Primary Follicle

Question 10

Unilaminar primary follicle is made of ??

Answer 10

a primary oocyte + single (1) layer of cuboidal granulosa cells

Question 11

A multilaminar primary follicle which will have

Answer 11

a primary oocyte + numerous layers of cuboidal granulosa cells

Question 12

Once the cuboidal granulosa cells (even a single layer) surround the oocyte, they start to secrete a glycoprotein layer around the oocyte called the ??

Answer 12

zona pellucida

Question 13

-characterized by enlarged ovaries with numerous cysts and an anovulatory state (with no follicles completing maturation successfully and being stuck in the primary follicle stage).
-PCOS is a common cause ofinfertilityin women

Answer 13

polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS)

Question 14

Of the 4 zona pellucida glycoproteins, which are sperm receptors and assist in acrosome reaction?

Answer 14

ZP3 & ZP4

Question 15

-Liquid accumulates between the granulosa cells and creates an antrum
-Granulosa cells surrounding the ZP – cumulus oophorus, forms the corona radiata in ovulated oocytes
-Fibroblast- like stromal cells present; differentiate to form the theca cells

What is this?

Answer 15

Secondary Follicle

Question 16

-Big antrum filled with follicular fluid
-Bulges from surface of ovary
-Follicular theca has differentiated into a steroid-secreting theca interna (TI) and a covering theca externa (TE)

What is this?

Answer 16

Graafian Follicle

Question 17

-endocrine tissue – lipid filled vacuoles
-Secretes androstenedione (estrogen precursor)- diffuses through the BM into the granulosa
-made of fibroblasts and smooth muscles

Answer 17

Theca Interna

Question 18

Ovulation normally occurs midway through the menstrual cycle- the ____ day of a typical 28-day cycle

Answer 18

14th

Question 19

-Large temporary endocrine tissue in ovarian cortex
-Made from granulosa and theca interna cells after the release of the oocyte
-Granulosa cells expand in size- now called granulosa luteal cells- make 80% of this tissue
-Theca luteal cells- half the size of individual granulosa luteal cells- make the rest 20%

Answer 19

Corpus Luteum (CL)

Question 20

CL degenerates if fertilization does not happen. Turns into ______

-is the scar of connective tissue. It contains mostly collagen, with few fibroblasts

Answer 20

Corpus Albicans (CA)

Question 21

~12cm long muscular tube

-Supported by mesenteries and ligaments

-Opens in the peritoneal cavity near the ovary

-Function: Catch the ovulated secondary oocyte, nourish both the oocyte and sperm, provide the microenvironment for fertilization, and transport the embryo undergoing cleavage to the uterus

Answer 21

Fallopian Tube / Uterine Tube / Oviduct

Question 22

What are the 4 parts to the fallopian tube?

Answer 22

Infundibulum, Ampulla, Isthmus, Uterine part

Question 23

funnel shaped opening, terminal end- has fimbriae

Answer 23

Infundibulum

Question 24

longest, expanded area of the oviduct, fertilization happens here

Answer 24

Ampulla

Question 25

Narrow tube near the uterus

Answer 25

isthmus

Question 26

passes through the uterus, opens inside it

Answer 26

uterine part

Question 27

This tissue in the fallopian tube is made of- Simple columnar epithelium Epithelium made of 2 types of cell: 1) Ciliated cells (CC) 2) Secretory peg cells (PC) What tissue type is this?

Answer 27

Mucosa

Question 28

The height of the _____________ changes depending on the hormones, they are the most active and tall right after ovulation when their function is needed the most to nourish the passing ovum.

Answer 28

secretory peg cells

Question 29

Both the ciliated and secretory peg cells undergo hypertrophy under the effect of ???

Answer 29

estrogen

Question 30

What are the 4 major events of fertilizaiton?

Answer 30

1. Occurs in ampulla of fallopian tube 2. Ony a few hundred sperm reach the ampulla 3. Only capacitated sperm can fertilize 4. The acrosome reaction occurs when the sperm contact the corona radiata

Question 31

Sperm head releases hyaluronidase by exocytosis, penetrates corona radiata

Answer 31

acrosome reaction

Question 32

-Specific sperm proteins bind to ZP3 and ZP4- sperm releases acrosin- penetrates zona pellucida -First sperm fuses with oocyte plasma membrane- triggers the release of cortical granules from the oocyte- causes ZP to become impermeable -Secondary oocyte completes its Meiosis II – female pronucleus- fusion with male pronucleus- forms a new diploid cell called the ZYGOTE What are these?

Answer 32

Major events of fertilization

Question 33

What are the layers to the wall of the uterus?

Answer 33

Endometrium Myometrium Perimetrium

Question 34

-What layer of the uterus is made of simple columnar epithelium? -Is made largely of lamina propria and uterine glands

Answer 34

Endometrium

Question 35

What layer of the uterus is very thick smooth muscle, and is highly vascularized?

Answer 35

Myometrium

Question 36

What layer of the uterus is connective tissue and covered by mesothelium?

Answer 36

Perimetrium

Question 37

What are the two zones of the endometrium?

Answer 37

Stratum functionalis Stratum basalis

Question 38

What layer of the endometrium is replaced every menstrual cycle?

Answer 38

Stratum functionalis

Question 39

The uterus undergoes what process after child birth to shrink back to pre-pregnancy size?

Answer 39

Apoptosis

Question 40

What is the progression of blood supply to the uterus?

Answer 40

Arcuate arteries Radial Arteries Straight Arteries (stratum Basalis) Spiral Arteries (Stratum functionalis)

Question 41

Facilitates exchange of nutrients, waste, O2 and CO2 between fetus and mother

Answer 41

Placenta

Question 42

The fetal part of the placenta is called the ?

Answer 42

Chorion

Question 43

The maternal part of the placenta is called the?

Answer 43

Decidua basalis

Question 44

Placenta is also an endocrine organ- producing what hormones?

Answer 44

HCG and various growth factors, in addition to estrogen and progesterone

Question 45

Placenta is also an endocrine organ- producing what hormones?

Answer 45

HCG various growth factors estrogen progesterone

Question 46

layers that make the placental barrier are?

Answer 46

Endothelium of fetal blood vessels CT (only in early stages) Cytotrophoblsts syncytiotrophoblasts

Question 47

he placenta regulates exchange of nutrients and gases between maternal and fetal blood and produces hormones essential to maintain pregnancy. The placental cell lineage primarily responsible for performing these functions is a multinucleated entity called

Answer 47

syncytiotrophoblasts

Question 48

Single layer of cuboidal epithelium Inside is composed of Mesenchyme (Wharton’s jelly) Two arteries and one vein

Answer 48

umbilical cord

Question 49

the lower portion of the uterus 85% dense connective tissue Simple columnar epithelium+ thick lamina propria Cervical glands – branched mucous secreting glands

Answer 49

Cervix

Question 50

Each lobule has its own excretory lactiferous duct, which emerges at the nipple At puberty its growth occurs due to an increase in adipose and connective tissue

Answer 50

mammary gland

Question 51

Cortical granules play a role in preventing what from happening in fertilization?

Answer 51

Polyspermy

Question 52

Graafian and secondary follicles fall into the category of _____ follicles because they have developed a gap in the cell/tissue.

Answer 52

Antral Follicle (developed an antrum)