Female Reproductive Pathology and Tests

Question 1

carcinoma of the cervix

Answer 1

malignant cells within the cervix (cervical cancer)

Question 2

human papillomavirus (HPV)

Answer 2

the most important cause of and risk factor for cervical cancer

Question 3

radical (complete) hysterectomy

Answer 3

the entire uterus with ligaments, supportive tissues, and the top one third of the vagina are removed

Question 4

cervicitis

Answer 4

inflammation of the cervix

Question 5

carcinoma of the endometrium (endometrial cancer)

Answer 5

malignant tumor of the uterus (adenocarcinoma)

Question 6

endometriosis

Answer 6

endometrial tissue located outside the uterus

Question 7

fibroids (aka leiomyomata or leiomyomas)

Answer 7

benign tumors in the uterus

Question 8

ovarian carcinoma

Answer 8

malignant tumor of the ovary

Question 9

ovarian cysts

Answer 9

collections of fluid within a sac (cyst) in the ovary

Question 10

pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

Answer 10

inflammation and infection of organs in the pelvic region; salpingitis, oophoritis, endometritis, endocervicitis

Question 11

carcinoma of the breast

Answer 11

malignant tumor of the breast (arising from milk glands and ducts)

Question 12

fibrocystic disease

Answer 12

numerous small sacs of fibrous connective tissue and fluid in the breast

Question 13

abruptio placentae

Answer 13

premature separation of the implanted placenta.

Question 14

choriocarcinoma

Answer 14

malignant tumor of the placenta

Question 15

ectopic pregnancy

Answer 15

implantation of the fertilized egg in any site other than the normal uterine location

Question 16

multiple gestation

Answer 16

more than one fetus inside the uterus

Question 17

placenta previa

Answer 17

implantation of the placenta over the cervical opening or in the lower region of the uterus.

Question 18

preeclampsia

Answer 18

abnormal condition associated with pregnancy, marked by high blood pressure, proteinuria, edema, and headache

Question 19

Apgar score

Answer 19

a system of scoring an infant’s physical condition 1 and 5 minutes after birth. Heart rate, respiration, color, muscle tone, and response to stimuli are rated 0, 1, or 2.

Question 20

Down syndrome

Answer 20

chromosomal abnormality (trisomy 21) results in mental retarded growth, a flat face with a short nose, low-set ears, and slanted eyes.

Question 21

erythroblastosis fetalis

Answer 21

hemolytic disease in the newborn (HND) caused by a blood group (Rh factor) incompatibility between the mother and the fetus.

Question 22

hyaline membrane disease (aka respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn RDS)

Answer 22

acute lung disease commonly seen in the premature newborn.

Question 23

hydrocephalus

Answer 23

accumulation of fluid in the spaces of the brain

Question 24

meconium aspiration syndrome

Answer 24

abnormal inhalation of meconium (first stool) produced by a fetus or newborn

Question 25

pyloric stenosis

Answer 25

narrowing of the opening of the stomach to the duodenum

Question 26

Pap test

Answer 26

microscopic examination of stained cells removed from the vagina and cervix

Question 27

pregnancy test

Answer 27

blood or urine test to detect the presence of hCG

Question 28

hysterosalpingography (HSG)

Answer 28

X-ray imaging of the uterus and fallopian tubes after injection of contrast material

Question 29

mammography

Answer 29

x-ray imaging of the breast

Question 30

breast ultrasound imaging and breast MRI

Answer 30

technologies using sound waves and magnetic waves to create images of breast tissue

Question 31

pelvic ultrasonography

Answer 31

recording images of sound waves as they bounce off organs in the pelvic region

Question 32

aspiration

Answer 32

withdrawal of fluid from a cavity or sac with an instrument using suction

Question 33

cauterization

Answer 33

destruction of tissue by burning

Question 34

colposcopy

Answer 34

visual examination of the vagina and cervix using a colposcope

Question 35

conization

Answer 35

removal of a cone-shaped section (cone biopsy) of the cervix

Question 36

cryosurgery

Answer 36

use of cold temperatures to destroy tissue

Question 37

culdocentesis

Answer 37

needle aspiration of fluid from the cul-de-sac

Question 38

dilation (dilatation) and curettage (D & C)

Answer 38

widening the cervix and scraping off the endometrial lining of the uterus

Question 39

exenteration

Answer 39

removal of internal organs within a cavity

Question 40

laparoscopy

Answer 40

visual examination of the abdominal cavity using an endoscope (laparoscope)

Question 41

tubal ligation

Answer 41

blocking the fallopian tubes to prevent fertilization from occurring.

Question 42

abortion (AB)

Answer 42

spontaneous or induced termination of pregnancy before the embryo or fetus can exist on its own

Question 43

amniocentesis

Answer 43

needle puncture of the amniotic sac to withdraw amniotic fluid for analysis

Question 44

caesarean section

Answer 44

surgical incision of the abdominal wall and uterus to deliver a fetus

Question 45

chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

Answer 45

sampling of placental tissues (chorionic villi) for prenatal diagnosis

Question 46

fetal monitoring

Answer 46

continuous recording of the fetal heart rate and maternal uterine contractions to reduce fetal distress during labor.

Question 47

in vitro fertilization (IVF)

Answer 47

egg and sperm cells are combined outside the body in a laboratory dish (in vitro) to facilitate fertilization

Question 48

pelvimetry

Answer 48

measurement of the dimensions of the maternal pelvis