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MD3002 WEEK 11 - K > Female Reproductive Pathology 1 > Flashcards

Female Reproductive Pathology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How does benign breast disease frequency change with age?

A

Increases in frequency towards menopause then decreases

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2
Q

How are breast cysts treated?

A

Ultrasonography and fine needle aspiration

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3
Q

What is fibrocytic change (FCC)?

A

Non-proliferative change that includes gross and microscopic cysts, apocrine metaplasia, epithelial hyperplasia, adenosis and increase in fibrous stroma

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4
Q

What pattern is shown in FCC?

A

Bilateral

Multifocal

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5
Q

What is the issue with FCC relating to breast cancer?

A

Makes it more difficult to identify potentially cancerous limbs during breast examination and on mammograms

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6
Q

What is risk of proliferative breast disease?

A

Without atypia there is a 2 fold increase in risk of carcinoma
With atypic there is a 5 fold increase in risk of carcinoma

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7
Q

What is gynaecomastia?

A

Hyperplasia of the male breast stromal and ductal tissue

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8
Q

What is the cause of gynaecomastia?

A

Relative increase in oestrogen to androgen ratio in circulation or breast tissue
Most commonly secondary to drugs (iatrogenic)

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9
Q

What are some other causes of gynaecomastia?

A 
Hyperprolactinaemia
Liver failure
Alcohol excess
Obesity
Malignancy
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10
Q

What is a fibroadenoma?

A

Benign tumour that arises from the breast lobules
Composed of fibrous and epithelial tissue
Well defined, smooth oval lumps

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11
Q

What are Phyllodes tumours?

A

Sarcomas that rapidly enlarge and have variable degrees of malignant potential
Larger than fibroadenomas and appear in older age group

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12
Q

What are some of the risk factors for breast cancer?

A

Alcohol

Oestrogen-progesterone contraceptives

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13
Q

What may decrease the risk of breast cancer?

A

Body fatness

Exercise

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14
Q

What are the 2 forms of non-invasive precursors of breast carcinoma?

A

Ductal carcinoma in situ

Lobular carcinoma in situ

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15
Q

What are the characteristics of a lobular carcinoma in situ?

A

Bilateral

Multifocal

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16
Q

What is the name for invasive carcinoma of the breast?

A

No special type i.e. ductal

17
Q

What is Paget’s disease of the nipple?

A

Erosion of the nipple that resembles eczema

Associated with underling in situ or invasive carcinoma

18
Q

What would indicate ductal carcinoma in situ on mammogram?

A

Freaks of calcification

19
Q

Describe sentinel node biopsy

A

Dye injected into lump in breast
First node that lump drains to should go blue cause of the dye
That node is removed and if it does not show malignant change, then it can be assumed that the nodes further down the line also have not got cancerous cells

20
Q

Where does breast cancer metastasise to?

A

Bone (most common)
Liver
Lung
Brain

21
Q

Describe the NHS Breast Screening programme in the UK

A

Women aged between 50 and 70 are invited for a screen every 3 years

22
Q

What are signs of breast cancer?

A 
Lump in breast or axilla
Pulled in niple
Dimpling of nipple
Skin changes
Redness/rash on breast 
Dripping/discharge from nipple
23
Q

What is a cervical squamous intraepithelial neoplasm?

A

Pre-invasive tumour

24
Q

What is the range of cervical squamous neoplasm?

A

Low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) to high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL)

25
Q

What is the grading system called for cervical squamous neoplasms?

A

Bethesda classification

26
Q

What is the mean age to develop a CIN?

A

25-30 years

27
Q

What happens to the majority (80%) of women who contract HPV?

A

Transient infection then is cleared from the body within 2 years without clinical consequence

28
Q

What happens if the HPV virus persists?

A

Virus incorporates its DNA into the host cell genome
Production of viral oncoprotein can go on unchecked and the hosts tumour suppressor genes (p53, pRb) can be inactivated
Damaged DNA replicated without being repaired, and malignant cells proliferate uncontrollably

29
Q

What is the transformation zone?

A

Where the squamous cells of the cervix meet the columnar cells of the cervix

30
Q

What is the precursor for cervical adenocarcinoma?

A

Cervical glandular intraepithelial neoplasia

31
Q

How fast does cervical cancer grow and spread?

A

Slowly (15 years)

32
Q

What is the 5 year survival of cervical cancer?

A

60%

33
Q

Where may cervical cancer recur?

A

Vaginal wall
Bladder
Pelvis
Rectum

34
Q

What is the treatment for cervical cancer?

A

Radical hysterectomy and radiation therapy (advanced tumours)

MD3002 WEEK 11 - K (4 decks)

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