Female Reproductive Pathology 1 Flashcards
How does benign breast disease frequency change with age?
Increases in frequency towards menopause then decreases
How are breast cysts treated?
Ultrasonography and fine needle aspiration
What is fibrocytic change (FCC)?
Non-proliferative change that includes gross and microscopic cysts, apocrine metaplasia, epithelial hyperplasia, adenosis and increase in fibrous stroma
What pattern is shown in FCC?
Bilateral
Multifocal
What is the issue with FCC relating to breast cancer?
Makes it more difficult to identify potentially cancerous limbs during breast examination and on mammograms
What is risk of proliferative breast disease?
Without atypia there is a 2 fold increase in risk of carcinoma
With atypic there is a 5 fold increase in risk of carcinoma
What is gynaecomastia?
Hyperplasia of the male breast stromal and ductal tissue
What is the cause of gynaecomastia?
Relative increase in oestrogen to androgen ratio in circulation or breast tissue
Most commonly secondary to drugs (iatrogenic)
What are some other causes of gynaecomastia?
Hyperprolactinaemia Liver failure Alcohol excess Obesity Malignancy
What is a fibroadenoma?
Benign tumour that arises from the breast lobules
Composed of fibrous and epithelial tissue
Well defined, smooth oval lumps
What are Phyllodes tumours?
Sarcomas that rapidly enlarge and have variable degrees of malignant potential
Larger than fibroadenomas and appear in older age group
What are some of the risk factors for breast cancer?
Alcohol
Oestrogen-progesterone contraceptives
What may decrease the risk of breast cancer?
Body fatness
Exercise
What are the 2 forms of non-invasive precursors of breast carcinoma?
Ductal carcinoma in situ
Lobular carcinoma in situ
What are the characteristics of a lobular carcinoma in situ?
Bilateral
Multifocal
What is the name for invasive carcinoma of the breast?
No special type i.e. ductal
What is Paget’s disease of the nipple?
Erosion of the nipple that resembles eczema
Associated with underling in situ or invasive carcinoma
What would indicate ductal carcinoma in situ on mammogram?
Freaks of calcification
Describe sentinel node biopsy
Dye injected into lump in breast
First node that lump drains to should go blue cause of the dye
That node is removed and if it does not show malignant change, then it can be assumed that the nodes further down the line also have not got cancerous cells
Where does breast cancer metastasise to?
Bone (most common)
Liver
Lung
Brain
Describe the NHS Breast Screening programme in the UK
Women aged between 50 and 70 are invited for a screen every 3 years
What are signs of breast cancer?
Lump in breast or axilla Pulled in niple Dimpling of nipple Skin changes Redness/rash on breast Dripping/discharge from nipple
What is a cervical squamous intraepithelial neoplasm?
Pre-invasive tumour
What is the range of cervical squamous neoplasm?
Low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) to high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL)
