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Reproduction > Female Reproductive Microstructure > Flashcards

Female Reproductive Microstructure Flashcards

1
Q

What are the follicles surrounded by in the ovary?

A

follicles that contain oocytes and the follicles are surrounded by CT

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2
Q

What are the 2 layers of the ovary?

A

Cortex and Medulla

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3
Q

What is in the cortex and what are the layers?

A
  • layers from outermost to innermost include the germinative epithelium and the tunica albuginea (dense CT), then the developing oocytes
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4
Q

What is in the medulla?

A

blood vessels

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5
Q

How many follicles are present in the fetus and at what stage?

A

600-800,000 follicles in diplotene (prophase) of Meiosis I

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6
Q

What is the first stage of follicle development?

A

Primordial Follicle which consists of the oocyte surrounded by follicular cells (aka granulosa cells) that are simple squamous in appearance. These are surrounded by stromal cells.

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7
Q

What are balbiani bodies in the primordial follicle?

A

goligi, ER, vesicles, mitochondria and lysosomes.

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8
Q

What are annulate lamellae in the primordial follicle?

A

stacks of nuclear envelope-like membranes

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9
Q

What is the second stage of follicle development called?

A

the primary follicle which is the oocyte surrounded by follicular (granulosa) that are now simple cuboidal cells! These too are surrounded by stromal cells

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10
Q

What are stromal cells and what do they eventually give rise to?

A

essentially CT, will give rise to the theca interna and externa of the secondary follicle.

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11
Q

Where is the basal lamina located?

A

surrounds the primordial and primary follicles and is outside of the follicular/granulosa cells.

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12
Q

What forms in a primary oocyte that was not present in the primordial oocyte?

A
  1. simple cuboidal follicular cells

2. zona pellucida

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13
Q

What is the zona pellucid?

A

Forms between the oocyte and the follicular cells and is rich in glycoproteins (ZP1-3) and GAGs. Produced by the primary oocyte.

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14
Q

What are the characteristics of the late stage of the primary oocyte?

A
  • get multilayered follicular cells

- cortical granules at periphery of the oocyte cytoplasm

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15
Q

What do cortical granules contain?

A

proteases that are released at fertilization

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of the secondary follicle?

A
  • can officially be called the secondary follicle when liquor follicle spaces can be seen in the follicular cell layers
  • stromal cells give rise to theca interna cells.
  • also form a theca externa
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17
Q

When do the liquor folluculi start to form and what are they made of/form?

A
  • liquor folliculi cells are filled with hyaluronan rich fluid and form around the 1st week of the menstrual cycle.
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18
Q

What gives rise to the theca interna and theca externa?

A

stromal cells

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19
Q

What are the characteristics of the late secondary follicle?

A

the liquor folliculi coalesce and form the antrum

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20
Q

What layers surround the antrum?

A

first a layer of granulosa cells, then basement membrane, then the theca interna followed by theca externa.

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21
Q

What factors determine the growth of the secondary folic?

A
  1. FSH
  2. IGF-1
  3. calcium ions
  4. Epidermal growth factor
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22
Q

What do the cells of the theca interna look like?

A

frothy, pale staining cells tat have lipids in the cytoplasm and lots of mitochondria.
- are endocrine secreting cells

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23
Q

What do the cells of the theca externa look like?

A

thinner and elongated with more oval nuclei.

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24
Q

What is the corona radiate and the cumulus oophorus?

A

parts of the secondary follicle.

radiata: granulosa cells surrounding the oocyte
oophorus: granulosa cells that remain attached to the follicle and are not free next to the antrum

25
Q

To what phases does the primordial, primary and secondary follicle belong?

A
  • follicular phase

- estrogenic phase (follicle secretes estrogen)

26
Q

What causes follicular cells to mature and secrete estrogen?

A

FSH

27
Q

What stimulates estrogen release from follicular cells?

A

LH stimulates the theca interna cells to secrete androstenedione which is taken up by the granulosa cells in which an aromatase converts it into estrogen with FSH stimulation.

28
Q

What is another name for the secondary follicle?

A

Mature graafian follicle

29
Q

What stage is the oocyte at time of ovulation and what causes ovulation to occur?

A
  • LH surge causes ovulation (Day 14) to occur and the completing of the first meiotic division is completed and meiosis 2 begins (freezes at metaphase 2)
  • at time of ovulation, it is a secondary oocyte.
30
Q

When is the change to a secondary oocyte?

A
  • after LH surge and the first mitotic division occurs, freezing in metaphase 2.
  • can only get secondary follicle in a graafrian follicle (mature secondary follicle)
31
Q

What do follicular cells secrete?

A

estradiol and progesterone

32
Q

What do theca interna cells secrete?

A

androstenedione and progesterone

33
Q

What happens at ovulation?

A

LH surge causes oocyte to complete meiosis 1 and looses a polar body, is now known as a secondary oocyte. the polar body leaves creating a perivitellin space. Oocyte leaves the ovary and the follicle remains in the ovary

34
Q

What is the perivitellin space?

A

space that is created between the zona pellucida and the oocyte as the polar body leaves. cortical granules are also released into this space.

35
Q

Describe the acrosomal reaction?

A
  1. sperm comes into contact with the oocyte and releases hydrolytic enzymes held in the acrosomes that breakdown the jelly coat of the egg
  2. acrosomal process forms and binds to the ZP3 receptors on the oocyte
  3. egg and sperm plasma membranes fuse and the sperm pronuceli is released into the oocyte
  4. depolarization provides an electrical block
  5. voltage-gated Ca channels open causing the release of cortical granules into the perivitellin space
  6. cortical granules release proteases and the zona reaction occurs
36
Q

What results once the pronuclei of the sperm and the egg fuse?

A

ZYGOTE!

37
Q

What happens to the follicle after ovulation?

A

follicle remains in the ovary and becomes in order:

  1. corpus hemmorrhagicum
  2. corpus luteum
  3. corpus albicans
38
Q

What are the cells of the corpus luteum?

A
  1. theca lutein cells-basophilic and smaller

2. granular lutein cells-larger, light die, frothy looking

39
Q

What do the theca lutein cells produce?

A

progesterone and androstenedione under influence of LH

40
Q

What do the granular lutein cells produce?

A

progesterone and estrogen under the influence of FSH and LH

41
Q

When do follicles start degrading?

A

Can start at any time. Every month a few follicles start maturing but one ovulates and the rest get degraded.

42
Q

What is the corpus albincans?

A

if there is no implantation, the corpus luteum degenerates into the albicans and the lutein cells are replaced with CT (lots of collagen)

43
Q

How is the glassy membrane made?

A

the follicle cells degenerate and are phagocytized which the basement membrane hypertrophies and gets thicker. Once all the granulosa and follicular cells are phagocytized the thick basement membrane folds on itself forming the glassy membrane

44
Q

What are the 3 parts of the uterine tube and what are the characteristics?

A
  1. infundibulum (closest to ovary)
  2. ampulla
  3. isthmus (closest to uterus)
    * smooth muscle gets thicker as you move toward uterus and the lumen gets smaller as mucosal folding decreases.
45
Q

What is the epithelium of the uterine tube?

A

simple columnar epithelial cells that can be either ciliated or non-ciliated (Peg cells/secretory cells).

46
Q

What do non ciliated peg cells secrete?

A

fluid that promotes capactiation of the sperm (removal of glycocalyx)

47
Q

What do ciliated cells do?

A

beat toward the uterus helping the egg through the uterine tube

48
Q

When is the height of the epithelium of the uterine tube at its highest?

A

during ovulation

49
Q

What are the 2 layers of the uterus?

A
  1. endometrium

2. myometrium

50
Q

What makes up the endometrium?

A

functional and basal layer

51
Q

what makes up the myometrium?

A

smooth muscle

52
Q

What happens to the layers during menstruation?

A

functional layer is sloughed off along with the spiral arteries and glands that lay in that area. the basal layer remains and the functional layer can be regrown from the basal layer

53
Q

What is the vasculature of the uterus?

A

uterine artery lies in the myometrium and gives off arcuate to radial artery. From the radial artery branches the straight artery which supplies the basal layer and the spiral artery continues to supply the functional layer of the endometrium

54
Q

What are the difference in the glands between the proliferative and secretory phase?

A

proliferative phase: straight glands

secretory phase: coiled glands

55
Q

What causes the distal spiral arteries to degenerate during the menstrual cycle?

A

decline in estrogen and progesterone

56
Q

What is the time period for the proliferative phase?

A

Day 6-14

57
Q

What is the time period for the secretory phase?

A

Day 15-28

58
Q

how can you tell the difference between the basal and functional layer of the endometrium?

A
  • functional layer is light in color, basal layer is more basophilic.
  • functional has more coiled glands (secretory phase)

Reproduction (11 decks)

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