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Reproductive system > Female reproductive anatomy/histology > Flashcards

Female reproductive anatomy/histology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the vulva?

A
  • External female genitalia
  • Responsible for sensation during sexual intercourse, directing flow of urine and protecting internal reproductive tract from infection
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2
Q

What structures are contained within the vulva?

A
  • Mons pubis
  • Labia majora
  • Labia minora
  • Vestibule
  • Bartholin’s glands
  • Clitoris
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3
Q

Vascular supply of the vulva

A

Arteries: internal and external pudendal
Veins: pudendal veins
Lymph drainage: superficial inguinal lymph nodes

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4
Q

Innervation of the vulva

A

Sensation:

  • Anterior: ilioinguinal and genitofemoral nerves
  • Posterior: pudendal nerve and posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh

PNS:

  • Only found in clitoris and the vestibule
  • Cavernous nerves
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5
Q

Anatomical relations of the vagina

A

Anterior: bladder and urethra
Posterior: rectouterine pouch, rectum and anal canal
Lateral: ureters and levator ani m.

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6
Q

What are the fornix of the vagina and where are they located?

A
  • Vagina has 2 fornix - anterior and posterior
  • They are located at the proximal end of the vaginal canal, near the opening of the cervix
  • Posterior fornix is a natural reservoir for sperm
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7
Q

What are the four layers of the vaginal wall?

A
  • Stratified squamous epithelium
  • Elastic lamina propria
  • Fibromuscular layer of smooth muscle (inner is circular, outer is longitudinal)
  • Adventitia
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8
Q

Vascular supply to the vagina

A

Arterial:

  • Uterine and vaginal arteries
  • Both from the internal iliac

Veins:
- Vaginal venous plexus -> uterine veins -> internal iliac vein

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9
Q

What are the three zones which lymph drains to from the vagina?

A
  • Superior aspect drains to external iliac nodes
  • Middle aspect drains to internal iliac nodes
  • Inferior aspect drains to superficial inguinal nodes
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10
Q

What is the innervation of the vagina?

A

Autonomics:
- Uterovaginal plexus - from the inferior hypogastric plexus

Somatic:

  • Only in inferior 1/3 of vagina
  • From deep perineal branch pudendal n.
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11
Q

Define the structure of the cervix

A

Ectocervix:

  • The part of the cervix that projects into vaginal canal
  • Non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
  • Separated from endocervical canal by external os

Endocervix:

  • Proximal part of cervix
  • Mucous secreting, simple columnar epithelium
  • Separated from uterus by internal os
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12
Q

Neurovasculature of the cervix

A

Arterial supply: uterine artery
Venous drainage: uterine vein
Lymphatic drainage: iliac, sacral, aortic and inguinal lymph nodes
Innervation: uterovaginal plexus

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13
Q

What are the three parts of the uterus?

A

Fundus:
- Top of uterus, above fallopian tube entry point

Body:
- Site of implantation of blastocyst

Cervix:
- Lower part of uterus, connects to vagina

NOTE: has same neurovasculature as cervix

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14
Q

What is the anatomical position of the uterus?

A

Anterior to the rectum, posterosuperior to the bladder

  • Anteverted: rotated forward with respect to vagina
  • Anteflexed: flexed anteriorly with respect to the cervix
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15
Q

What are the 3 layers of the uterus?

A

Outer serosa/adventitia:

  • Serosa: connective tissue + visceral peritoneum
  • Adventitia: only connective tissue

Myometrium:

  • Thick layer of smooth muscle (~2cm)
  • Grows significantly during pregnancy due to hyperplasia and hypertrophy

Endometrium:

  • Inner mucosal layer
  • Epithelium: simple columnar epithelium with ciliated and secretory cells
  • Lamina propria: simple tubular glands in connective tissue
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16
Q

What are the two parts of the endometrium?

A

Functionalis:

  • Part that is lost during menstruation and replaced during each cycle
  • 2 layers: zona compacta, spongiosum layer (deep)

Basalis:

  • Retained after menstruation to them proliferate into new endometrium
  • Base of glands are source of new cells which regenerate the endometrium
17
Q

What are the two phases of the endometrium?

A

Follicular/Proliferative phase:

  • Oestrogen causes mitotic activity in glands and stroma
  • Increase in endometrial thickness

Luteal/Secretory phase:

  • Progesterone causes restriction of mitotic activity
  • Endometrial glands secrete glycogen rich vacuoles to cause stromal cell enlargement and oedema, and spiral artery development
18
Q

What are the features of the proliferative phase?

A
  • Long, straight tubular glands
  • Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
  • Stroma rich in spiral arteries
  • Lots of mitosis, lack of secretions
19
Q

What are the features of the secretory phase?

A
  • Saw-tooth and coiled glands
  • Lack of mitosis
  • Heavy secretions
20
Q

What is the function of the fallopian tubes?

A
  • Fertilisation of the egg occurs in the ampullary region (it is possible for ectopic implantation of the egg to occur in the fallopian tubes)
  • They are not directly connected to the ovaries
  • Hormones cause fimbriae to swell with blood during ovulation. The cilia then sweep the ovum into the fallopian tube
21
Q

What are the four regions of the fallopian tubes?

A
  • Isthmus (connected to the uterus)
  • Ampulla
  • Infundibulum
  • Fimbriae (at end of ovaries
22
Q

What are the layers of the fallopian tubes?

A

Mucosa:

  • Simple columnar epithelium
  • Ciliated + secretory cells

Lamina propria:
- Loose connective tissue

Muscularis:
- Inner circular + outer longitudinal layers of smooth muscle

23
Q

What are the ovaries?

A
  • They develop in the abdomen, descend through inguinal canal
  • Paired organs, attached to posterior surface of broad ligament by mesovarium
24
Q

What is the structure of the ovary?

A

Surface: simple cuboidal epithelium
Outer cortex: connective tissue stroma + ovarian follicles
Inner medulla: lots of connective tissue + rich vascular supply

25
Q

Vascular supply to the ovaries

A

Arteries: ovarian arteries
Veins: ovarian veins
- Left ovarian vein -> left renal vein
- Right ovarian vein -> IVC

Lymph drainage: para-aortic lymph nodes

26
Q

Innervation of the ovaries

A

ANS from ovarian and uterine plexuses (both originate from inferior hypogastric plexuses)

27
Q

What are the two parts to an ovary?

A

Cortex:

  • Outer layer
  • Consists of follicles at varying stages of development
  • Remainder of cortex is connective tissue with fibroblasts

Medulla:

  • Inner layer
  • Loose connective tissue stroma with rich vascular bed
  • Large follicles may extend into here
28
Q

What are the different stages of follicle development? (7)

A
  • Primordial follicle
  • Primary follicle
  • Secondary follicle
  • Early antral follicle
  • Antral follicle
  • Graffian follicle
  • Corpus luteum + corpus albicans
29
Q

What is a primordial follicle?

A
  • Primary oocyte surrounded by simple squamous epithelium of stromal/pre-granulosa cells
  • 30 micrometres in diameter
  • Found at cell periphery
30
Q

What is a primary follicle?

A
  • Simple cuboidal epithelium of granulosa cells

- Roughly 75 micrometres in diameter

31
Q

What is a secondary follicle?

A
  • Zona pellucida forms between follicles + granulosa cells

- Granulosa becomes stratified cuboidal epithelium

32
Q

What is an early antral follicle?

A
  • Start of antrum formation

- Synthesis and secretion of oestrogen start

33
Q

What is an antral follicle?

A
  • Displays complete antrum formation
34
Q

What is a Graffian follicle?

A
  • This is the development of the dominant follicle
  • Corona radiata is present
  • Restriction of blood flow to the oocyte can cause follicle to rupture and release oocyte
35
Q

What is a corpus luteum?

A
  • The ruptured follicle will be retained in the ovary as a corpus luteum after ovulation - it secretes progesterone and oestrogen
  • Develops a rich blood supply
36
Q

What is a corpus albicans?

A
  • If fertilisation of the egg does not occur, the corpus luteum degenerates into corpus albicans
  • It is fibrous white tissue that is slowly absorbed into the ovary and leaves a visible white “scar”

Reproductive system (9 decks)

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