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MD Histology > Female Reproductive & Anatomy > Flashcards

Female Reproductive & Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

How does estrogen act on the mammary gland?

A

They promote breast development by stimulating ductal and stromal growth and accumulation of adipose tissue.

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2
Q

How does progesterone act on mammary glands?

A

It promotes lobular proliferation

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3
Q

What attaches the superior (tubal) pole of the ovaries to the pelvic wall?

A

The suspensory ligament, which carries the ovarian vessels and nerves.

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4
Q

What attaches the Inferior (uterine) pole of the ovaries to the pelvic wall?

A

The ovarian ligament, which is a remnant of the gubernaculum.

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5
Q

The ovarian ligament is a remnant of ?

A

The gubernaculum.

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6
Q

What covers the ovaries?

A

Germinal epithelium. The surface of the ovary is covered by a single layer of cuboidal and in some parts almost squamous cells.

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7
Q

What are the changes in the number of oocytes from fetal development to birth?

A

Since 5th mont of fetal life, apoptosis of cells surrounding the oocyte happens. Atresia reduces the number of primary oocytes in a logarithmic fashion.

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8
Q

Where are the primordial follicles found?

A

They firs appear in the ovaries during the 3rd month of fetal development. In the mature ovary they are found in the stroma of the cortex just beneath the tunica albuguinea.

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9
Q

Where do we find Balbiani body?

A

In the cytoplasm of the oocyte. (ooplasm)

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10
Q

How does the follicle becomes a primary follicle?

A

The oocyte enlarges, and the surrounding flattened follicle cells proliferate and become cuboidal. Then the follicle cells becomes cuboidal, and this is when it is identify as a primary follicle.

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11
Q

The zona pellucida contains 3 zones, one of them is really important.. why is that?

A

The zona pelluzida contains zp-1,2,3. Zp-3 is the most important because it functions as the spermatozoa-binding receptor and inducer of the acrosome reaction.

It is believed Zp-2 acts as a secondary spermetazoa binding protein.

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12
Q

How does the membrane granulosa (stratum granulosum) develops?

A

Follicle cells undergo stratification to form the granulose layer of the primary follicle.

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13
Q

What is the preferred site for a surgical incision during a delivery by cesarean section?

A

The isthmus of the uterus.

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14
Q

where does the arterial supply of the uterus arise from?

A

The arterial supply of the uterus is the uterine arteries, which arise from the internal iliac artery.

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15
Q

What is the venous drainage of the uterus?

A

The internal iliac veins.

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16
Q

What ligament is responsible for the anterverted postion of the uterus?

A

Uterosacral ligament.

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17
Q

What happens in a cystocele, and what helps prevent it?

A

Cystocele is a herniation of the urinary bladder into the anterior wall of the vagina.

The pubocervical ligament, which extends anteriorly from the cervix to the pubic symphysis, helps prevent it.

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18
Q

What supports the uterine tubes?

A

The mesosalpinx

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19
Q

The broad ligament is divided into 4 regions which are?

A

1- The Mesosalpinx: supports the uterine tubes.
2-The Mesovarium: supports the ovray.
3-The mesometrium: supports the uterus.
4-The suspensory ligament of the ovary

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20
Q

Why do women have contact with the ambience?

A

B/c fallopian tubes open to ambient.

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21
Q

How does endometrial adenocarcinoma happens?

A

It is the most common gynecologic cancer in women and is linked to prolonged estrogen stimulation of the endometrium.

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22
Q

What’s endometriosis?

A

It is the presence of endometrial glandular tissue in abnormal locations outside the uterus.

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23
Q

The gonadal ridge appear medial to what? and is covered by what?

A

The gonadal ridge appears medial to the mesonephros and is covered mesothelium.

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24
Q

What forms the primary cords? what week?

A

By the 6th week the coelomic mesothelium proliferates and growths into underlying mesenchyme to form the Primary cords.

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25
Q

What happens to Cortex and medulla of the genital ridge in females and males?

A

In the indifferent gonad, for female the medulla will regresses, and for male the cortex regresses.

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26
Q

What happens on prostatic utricle?

A

Persistent remnant of paramesonephric duct.

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27
Q

What happens on Gartner’s cyst?

A

Persistent remnant of mesoneprhic duct.

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28
Q

Embryo: What forms the broad ligament?

A

The paramesonephric duct carries with them a layer of mesenchyme which stretches across the pelvis and forms the brod ligament.

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29
Q

What lift the utero-vaginal canal? Where doe it arise from

A

A pair of endodermal outgrowths - Sinuvaginal bulbs- arise from the Urogenital sinus.

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30
Q

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia can occur due to what deficiency? (CAH)

A

21-Hydroxylase deficiency.

ACTH stimulates uptake of cholesterol and synthesis of pregnenolone. Steroid precursors up to and including progesterone, 17-hydroxypregnenolone, and especially 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17OHP) accumulate in the adrenal cortex and in circulating blood. Blood levels of 17OHP can reach 10-1000 times the normal concentration.

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31
Q

A 4- month infant is admitted to the clinic because urine can be observed passing through an opening on the ventral surface of the penis. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A

Hypospadias.

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32
Q

What is Epispadius?

A

Failure on the dorsal surface of the urethra.

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33
Q

What structures travel through the lesser sciatic foramen?

A

The obturator internus muscle
Pudendal nerve
Internal pudendal artery

34
Q

What is the The pelvic diaphragm is composed of?

A

The pelvic diaphragm is composed of:

1. Levator Ani muscle.
   2. Coccygeus muscles
35
Q

What nerves innervate levator ani muscle?

A

The nerve that innervates the levator ani are:
1. Anterior rami of S3 and S4
Perineal branches of pudendal nerve.

36
Q

Which muscles play a role in both urination and defecation?

A

Pelvic diaphragm

37
Q

What is the space that separates the rectum from the vagina?

A

The space that separates the rectum from the vagina is the rectouterine pouch, the pouch of Douglas.

38
Q

What might amateur abortionists mistake for the os of the cervix thereby accidentally accessing the peritoneal cavity?

A

The vaginal fornix

39
Q

What structures are found in the broad ligament?

A 
Uterine (fallopian) tube.
Uterine vessels.
Round ligament of the uterus.
Ovarian ligament.
Ureter
Uterovaginal nerve plexus
Lymphatic vessels.
40
Q

What attaches the ovaries to the broad ligament?

A

The mesovarium

41
Q

What attaches the fallopian tubes tot he broad ligament?

A

The mesosalpinx

42
Q

What does the round ligament do?

A

Holds the fondus of the uterus anteriorly.

43
Q

Through which structure does the round ligament of the uterus exit the abdominopelvic cavity?

A

The deep inguinal ring.

44
Q

What keeps the uterus in the midline?

A

The uterosacral folds (ligaments) keep the uterus in the midline.

45
Q

What keeps the cervix in the midline?

A

The cardical ligament keeps the cervix in the midline.

46
Q

Where can the uterine and ovarian vessels be found?

A

Ovarian vessels: suspensory ligament of the ovary.

Uterine vessels: cardinal ligament (transverse cervical)

47
Q

What collection of tissue, ligament, and vessels at the base of the uterus may be damaged following injury or childbirth causing prolapse of the uterus?

A

The cardinal ligament.

48
Q

What innervates each of the following?

1-External genitalia
2-Clitoris
3-Uterus
4-Ovary

A

1- Pudendal nerve
2-Parasympathetic N.S.
3-Hydrogastric plexus
4-Ovarian plexus.

49
Q

Where might pain be referred from the uterus?

A

Abdomen and/or lower back

50
Q

What structure is commonly injured in the surgical removal of the ovaries or uterus?

A

Ureter.

51
Q

What muscle on the underside of the pelvic diaphragm slings around the rectum and helps with continence?

A

The puborectalis, part of the levator ani muscle.

52
Q

What structures do the internal illiac artery and external illiac artery supply?

A

Internal illiac artery: Pelvic structures.

External illiac artery: Leg

53
Q

What develops from mesenchymal cells?

A

Gonadal ridge medulla: male: leydig cells; female= ovarian support stroma.

54
Q

What develops from Mesothelial cells?

A

Gonadal ridge and primary sex cord cortex: Male: seminiferous tubules; Females: ovarian follicles.

55
Q

What develops from primordial germ cells?

A

They enter primary sex cords as future gametes: Male: spermatogonia; female: oogonia.

56
Q

What are the actions of bulbospongious muscle?

A

Bulbospongious muscle: contract bulb of the penis to expel last drop of urine or seminal vesicle.

57
Q

What are the actions of Ischiocarvenosus muscle?

A

Ischiocarvenosus muscle: Maintain an erection.

58
Q

What tissue encircles and forms a barrier between the corpus cavernosum and the corpus spongiosum?

A

Deep Buck’s fascia separate the corpus cavernosum from the corpus spongiosum.

59
Q

How does an erection occur?

A

Blood from the branches of pudenda artery infuse the corpus cavernosusm with blood, swelling ensues, and venous outflow is compressed making an erection.

60
Q

What is the most rigid portion of the male urethra that can pose a problem when inserting a scope or probe?

A

The membranous urethra.

61
Q

What portion of the male urethra, do ejaculatory ducts open?

A

prostatic urethra.

62
Q

What is the difference between emission and ejaculation?

A

Emission is sperm and seminal fluid to prostatic urethra. Ejaculation: prostatic urethra to outside.

63
Q

What division of the nervous system are responsible for erection, emission, and ejaculation?

A

Erection: Parasympathetic
Emission: Sympathetic
“Point and Shoot”
Ejaculation: chiefly sympathetic, but also parasympathetic innervation to the pelvis.

64
Q

Which nerve roots are responsible for erection and sensation of the penis?

A

S2, S3, S4.

“keep the penis of the floor”

65
Q

Which structure produces the alkaline constituent of semen?

A

The seminal vesicles. (seminal fluid)

66
Q

What holds the bladder in place for males?

A

The vesicosacral fold.

67
Q

What happens during micturition?

A
  • Detrussor muscles contract
  • Intra-abdominal pressure increases.
  • Pelvic diaphragm (levator ani) muscles relaxes pulling down the internal sphincter.
68
Q

What inhibits the internal urethral sphincter?

A

Parasympathetic N.S. contracts detrussor muscle and is inhibitory to internal urethral sphincter.

69
Q

What allow for control of micturition?

A

Inhibition of parasympathetic reflex and contraction of external urethral sphincter.

70
Q

Why do women have a greater risk of contracting urinary tract infections?

A

The female urethra is much shorter than the male urethra. Less distance for the bacteria to travel.

71
Q

What prevents seminal fluid from entering the bladder ?

A

Urinary trigone

72
Q

What test would you order in every woman under 50 with abdominal pain?

A

Beta-HCG (to rule out ectopic pregnancy)

73
Q

In digital rectal exam (DRE) how would you distinguish prostate cancer from BPH (benign prostate hypertrophy)

A

In BPH, the prostate in enlarged, while in cancer it has nodules.

74
Q

What are the 2 most common causes of bladder rupture? and where in the peritoneum they rupture?

A
  • Bone fragment from pelvic fracture (extraperitoneal rupture)
  • Blunt trauma (bat, seatbelt in car wreck) applied to a distended bladder (Intraperitoneal rupture).
75
Q

What structures does the wolfian ducts give rise to?

A 
SEED
Seminal visicles
Epididymis
Ejaculatory duct
Ductus (vas) deferens.
76
Q

Which hormone regulates testosterone production before the development of the fetal pituitary?

A

Human Chorionic ganadotropin (hCG)

77
Q

Where does the upper 1/3 vagina and lower 2/3 of vagina come from?

A

Upper 1/3 of Vagina: paramesonephric ducts.

Lower 2/3 of vagina: Sinovaginal bulb.

78
Q

What thin membrane is a remnant of the sinovaginal bulb?

A

Hymen

79
Q

What is structure is formed from the unfused, urogenital fold in the females?

A

Labia minora.

80
Q

Which congenital abnormality results in 2 separate uterine tubes because the paramesonephric ducts do not fuse?

A

Uterus didelphys (double uterus).

81
Q

What is the cause of hypospadias and epispadis?

A

Hypopasdias: failure of the urethral folds to close.
Epispadias: Faulty positioning of the genital tubercle.

MD Histology (4 decks)

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