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Animal Reproduction > Female Reproductive Anatomy > Flashcards

Female Reproductive Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What hormone does the pineal gland secrete?

A

Melatonin

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2
Q

What hormones does the pituitary gland secrete?

A

FSH, LH, ACTH, prolactin, GH, TSH, oxytocin, and vassopressin

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3
Q

What hormones does the hypothalamus secrete?

A

GnRH, CRH, and releasing hormones

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4
Q

What hormones does the adrenal cortex secrete?

A

Androgen, cortisol, and aldosterone

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5
Q

What does the ovary secrete?

A

testosterone, E2, P4, inhibin, activin, and oxytocin

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6
Q

What does the placenta secrete?

A

P4, E2 and placental lactogen

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7
Q

What does the uterus secrete?

A

PGF2a

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8
Q

What does the fetus secrete?

A

ACTH and glucocorticoids

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9
Q

Tubular structure of the female reproductive tract is composed of:

A

Inside > out
The lumen is lined with epithelium called mucosa that is supported by the submucosa and blood vessels exist here.
The muscularis is composed of an inner layer of circular smooth muscle and an outer layer of the longitudinal smooth muscle layer.
The serosa is the connective tissue that covers the tract.

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10
Q

The majority of female reproductive tracts are composed of:

A

Rectum, vulva, suburethral diverticulum, vagina, pelvis, bladder, cervix, broad ligament, uterus, oviduct, and ovary

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11
Q

Estrus

A

period of receptivity; a behavior

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12
Q

Why is Post-partum Quiescence important and how does it affect different species?

A

Animals must regenerate their reproductive ability;

Cows only have a 35-day breeding season when you consider anestrous

Not an issue with sheep since they are short-day breeders

Pigs only have 17-21 days for weaning, rebreeding, and establishing pregnancy

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13
Q

The _____ ovary and oviduct are not functional in the chicken due to the production of this hormone _______

A

right, Mullerian inhibiting hormone

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14
Q

Poultry repro tract steps

A
  1. follicle passes into the infundibulum that functions to store sperm and fertilization
  2. goes into the magnum which secretes albumen
  3. then goes into the isthmus which forms the shell membrane
  4. finishes forming in the uterus
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15
Q

Germinal epithelium of the ovary

A

cuboidal epithelium (prevents adhesions) that continuously covers the tunica albuginea with a peritoneal lining

does not produce germ cells and is broken at ovulation

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16
Q

Tunica Albuginea of the ovary

A

dense connective tissue that provides structure

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17
Q

Cortex of the ovary

A

contains the female germ cells

oocyte ⇒ follicle ⇒ corpus luteum (produces progesterone)

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18
Q

Medulla of the ovary

A

central part containing connective tissue, blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves

“Hilus” where vessels, nerves, or ducts enter an organ

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19
Q

Major ovarian function

A

Responsible for the secondary sex characteristics in the female:

absence of muscle development, mammary and repro/genitalia development, fat deposition on hips/stomach, estrous triggering puberty, and heat activity

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20
Q

Other ovarian functions

A

contains oocyte (diploid) and produces progesterone which allows the CL to form, prepares uterus for pregnancy, and is essential to maintain pregnancy.

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21
Q

primary oocyte (2N)

A
  • single cell & largest cell of the body
  • suspended in dictyotene stage during prophase 1 since birth
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22
Q

Secondary oocyte (1N)

A
    • polar body
  • completion of meiosis 1
  • at the time of ovulation
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23
Q

ootid

A

the oocyte after the 1st meiotic division in which the polar body is present

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24
Q

2nd stage of oocyte arrest

A

meiosis 2 - prior to fertilization

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25
Q

primordial follicle

A

microscopic oocyte surrounded by single layer of squamous cells immature and smallest follicle

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26
Q

Primary Follicle

A

oocyte surrounded by a single layer of cuboidal cells

this is the stage that the majority of follicles are in (resting)

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27
Q

proliferating primary follicle

A

increase in size of the oocyte and increase in height of follicular cells

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28
Q

Secondary follicle

A

surrounded by several layers of follicular cells (granulosa cells!!) with NO antrum

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29
Q

Tertiary follicle (antral; Graafian)

A

Follicle now has a fluid-filled cavity called an antrum

cell layers in the follicle wall begin to differentiate.

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30
Q

Graafian follicle parts: Theca Externa and Interna

A

Externa - line the outside layer of the follicle wall composed of connective tissue and blood vessels

Interna: Middle layer of cells on follicle wall that produces testosterone which is converted to estrogen by the granulosa cells (two cell theory)

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31
Q

Graafian follicle parts: Granulosa cells & cumulus oophorus

A

granulosa cells line the inside of the follicle wall and support/control oocyte development

Cumulus oophorus are granulosa cells surrounding the oocyte and are released with it after ovulation - communication must be broken because they inhibit oocyte maturation

32
Q

Explain the 2 cell/2 gonadotropin theory

A

Theca interna cells have LH receptors; LH activates a second messenger system which stimulates a protein kinase to induce phosphorylation. Cholesterol can then be converted into testosterone. Granulosa cells do the same thing but have FSH receptors and convert testosterone into estradiol.

33
Q

Chickens do not produce corpus lutea, so what produces progesterone instead?

A

Follicles 1-3

34
Q

Compare the production of estrogens between mammals and chickens

A

Mammals - two cell theory using theca/granulosa cells

Chickens - produced by just theca cells

35
Q

Shortly before ovulation, what two things will occur?

A

The basement membrane will begin to degenerate in the follicle

The physical separation between theca interna and granulosa becomes “incomplete”

36
Q

After ovulation, what 4 things occur?

A

Blood filled cavity forms, walls of follicle collapse into many folds, theca and granulosa cells mix, and the corpus luteum is well supplied with blood vessels and is the only ovarian source of P4

37
Q

Luteinization

A

Process by which granulosa and theca cells are transformed into luteal cells

38
Q

Luteolysis

A

process where luteal tissue undergoes regression and cell death

39
Q

Luteolytic

A

material that promotes luteolysis (ex. PGF2a)

40
Q

Luteotropic

A

Having a stimulating action on the development or assisting in maintaining the corpus luteum

Typically refers to LH but also prolactin and placental lactogen in mice

41
Q

The corpus luteum functions to produce progesterone that:

A

inhibits estrus and parturition (blocks myometrial contractions), stimulates endometrial secretion of nutrients for embryo, stimulates production of luteolytic agent, and decreases basal GnRH which blocks preovulatory surge of LH

42
Q

Large luteal cells originate from _______ cells and contain and ____ receptor

A

granulosa, PGF2a

43
Q

large luteal cells produce 3 hormones

A

P4, relaxin, and oxytocin (signal for PGF2a from uterus)

44
Q

In large luteal cells:

Hypertrophy: _______

Total number of granulosa cells determine the _______ of the CL

A

Increase in cell size

steroidogenic potential

45
Q

Small luteal cells originate from ____ cells and contain a ____ receptor

A

theca interna, LH

46
Q

In small luteal cells:

produce the hormone _______

Hyperplasia: _________

A

P4

increase in cell number

47
Q

Corpus albicans cause a(n) _____ in progesterone

A

drop

48
Q

Day 1 of the estrous cycle looks like:

A

Graafian follicle that begins to ovulate; small secondary follicles and small corpus albicans is present

49
Q

Day 2-3 of estrous cycle looks like:

A

Corpus hemorrhagicum forms

50
Q

Day 4-5 of estrous cycle looks like:

A

filled with blood and lymph but progesterone is still low

51
Q

Day 6-7 of estrous cycle looks like:

A

Early corpus luteum plus increasing progesterone

52
Q

Day 7-10 of estrous cycle looks like:

A

Mature CL - progesterone high along with a developing tertiary follicle

53
Q

Day 10-17 of estrous cycle looks like:

A

If not pregnant, release of PGF2a from uterus causes CL death; tertiary follicle continues to develop

54
Q

Day 18 of estrous cycle looks like:

A

Regressing CL; LARGE tertiary follicle continues to develop

55
Q

Day 19-21 of estrous cycle looks like:

A

completely regressed CL; Rapid growth into a graafian follicle due to high estrogen

56
Q

The origin of yolk proteins and yolk is the _____ due to the hormone ______ in small follicles

A

liver, estrogen

57
Q

The fimbria at the ______, or the opening of the oviduct, function to pick up the ovum at ovulation using ciliated cells

A

ostium

58
Q

The first half of the oviduct is described as:

A

having many folds, some ciliated epithelium, large diameter, and not very muscular

59
Q

The second half of the oviduct is described as

A

having few folds, few ciliated cells, small diameter, and very muscular

60
Q

The uterotubal junction is

A

the point where the uterine horn meets the oviduct; functions to block polyspermy

61
Q

The oviduct functions to transport sperm to the site of fertilization. Name 4 ways it does this.

A

The isthmus flows fluid towards ovary, the utero-tubal junction is tight, contractions toward ovary, and the ampulla cilia beat towards uterus

62
Q

The oviduct provides a proper environment for fertilization, how?

A

Secretions from epithelial cells lining the ampulla prepare sperm for capacitation and aid in the early development of the zygote for 2-5 days after fertilization in the AIJ

63
Q

In the cow, sow, and ewe, UFOs pass from the oviduct into the ______

A

uterus

64
Q

In mares, UFOs will not pass into the uterus, embyros will ____ UFOs and pass into the uterus

A

bypass

65
Q

Chalaziferous region

A

Forms the perivitelline layer and contributes to chalazae (2 strands of egg white that secure it to the center of the egg)

66
Q

Two cervices, two vaginas, and two uterine horns

A

Advanced duplex (opossum)

67
Q

Two cervices, one vagina, two horns

A

Duplex

68
Q

one cervix, common uterine body, two LONG horns

A

Bicornuate (pig)

69
Q

Small uterine horns

A

Bipartite (cow)

70
Q

larger uterine body with smaller uterine horns

A

Modified Bipartite (mare)

71
Q

No horns, all uterine body

A

Simplex (human)

72
Q

Structure of cow cervix

A

very hard and rigid composed of thick connective tissue with 4-5 annular rings; has an os cervix and fornix vagina

73
Q

Structure of mare cervix

A

Mare’s cervix is soft and pliable with no rings; has os cervix and fornix vagina

74
Q

Structure of sow cervix

A

has many interdigitating pads (corkscrew); only has an os cervix

75
Q

Vagina functions

A

Fornix vagina is the site of semen deposition in cow and ewe

No glands, pH is acidic, functions as birth canal

76
Q

vestibule functions

A

common duct for repro and urine; stimulates male, passes fetus,

Cow: vulva-vaginal sphincter muscle contracts to block urine from entering uterus

Mare: has a transurethral fold to direct urine out

Animal Reproduction (4 decks)

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